CONTRACTION: Pengertian, Contoh, dan Daftar Kata

Posted by M. Riskiyanto

CONTRACTIONS

(PENYINGKATAN KATA)

“I’m here, You’re really awesome, I’ve finished it, We’re at school, ...” Mungkin kita sering mendengar ataupun menggunakan kata-kata tersebut dalam percakapan sehari-hari ataupun informal writing (tulisan informal, misalnya berkirim pesan, status media sosial, dan lain-lain). Ya! Kata-kata tersebut merupakan hasil dari contraction atau penyingkatan. Pada kesempatan kali ini, kami paparkan penjelasan terkait contraction. Selamat dan semangat belajar!!!

 

A.  Contraction

1.   Pengertian Contraction

Contraction merupakan sebuah kata atau frasa yang diperpendek/ diringkas dengan menghilangkan satu atau lebih huruf pada kata tersebut. Contraction atau juga disebut  ‘short forms’, adalah bentuk kombinasi antara pronoun (kata ganti) atau noun (kata benda) dengan verb (kata kerja), atau verb dengan ‘not’ dalam bentuk yang lebing ringkas atau singkat. Umumnya, contraction tidak sesuai atau lazim digunakan dalam formal writing (tulisan formal atau akademik, misalnya karya imliah, artikel jurnal, laporan, surat resmi, dan lain-lain).

Kita seringkali menggunakan contraction dalam percakapan sehari-hari. Dengan menggunakan contraction, beberapa orang berharap bahwa mereka dapat menghemat waktu. Selain itu, penggunaan contractions erat kaitannya dengan tone atau nada, baik dalam percakapan ataupun tulisan. Contohnya, kita menggunakan contraction dalam informal writing (pada teks pesan, memo, blog, ataupun personal essays) untuk mempertahankan a colloquial tone (ungkapan yang sesuai untuk percapakan). Sementara itu, menghindari penggunaan contractions formal writing (seperti laporan akademik, artikel ilmial) merupakan sebuah cara untuk mempertahankan a more serious tone (ungkapan/tulisan yang lebih serius). Oleh karena itu, pertimbangkan audience (sasaran) dan purpose for writing (tujuan menulis) ketika akan menggunakan contractions dalam bidang penulisan.

Kita membuat contraction dengan auxiliary verbs (kata kerja bantu, seperti have, has, had, will, atau would, ) dan juga dengan be (seperti is, am, are, was, atau were). Ketika kita membuat contaction kita meletakkan tanda petik satu (apostrophe) sesudah pronoun atau noun (di tempat huruf-huruf auxiliary verbs atau be yang dihilangkan). Berikut contoh contraction yang sering digunakan.

a.   Contractions dengan pronoun I, you, he, she, it, we, dan they, yaitu:

Pronoun + Aux. Verb/ Be	Contraction/ Short Form
§  Am/ Is/ Are + *3C	§  ‘m, ‘s, ‘re + *3C
§  I + am	§  I’m
§  You + are	§  You’re
§  They + are	§  They’re
§  We + are	§  We’re
§  He + is	§  He’s
§  She + is	§  She’s
§  It + is	§  It’s
§  Have/has + *Verb 3	§  ‘ve, ‘s + *Verb 3
§  I + have	§  I’ve
§  You + have	§  You’ve
§  They + have	§  They’ve
§  We + have	§  We’ve
§  He + has	§  He’s
§  She + has	§  She’s
§  It + has	§  It’s
§  Will + *Verb 1	§  ‘ll + *Verb 1
§  I + will	§  I’ll
§  You + will	§  You’ll
§  They + will	§  They’ll
§  We + will	§  We’ll
§  He + will	§  He’ll
§  She + will	§  She’ll
§  It + will	§  It’ll
§  Would + *Verb 1	§  ‘d + *Verb 1
§  I + would	§  I’d
§  You + would	§  You’d
§  They + would	§  They’d
§  We + would	§  We’d
§  He + would	§  He’d
§  She + would	§  She’d
§  It + would	§  It’d
§  Had + *Verb 3	§  ‘d + *Verb 3
§  I + had	§  I’d
§  You + had	§  You’d
§  They + had	§  They’d
§  We + had	§  We’d
§  He + had	§  He’d
§  She + had	§  She’d
§  It + had	§  It’d

Catatan: Untuk membedakan antara penggunaan contraction “is” dengan “has” ataupun “would” dengan “had” perhatikanlah kata yang mengikutinya. Misalnya, “is” diikuti dengan 3 Complement (Adverb, Noun, atau Adjective); “has” dan “had” diikuti dengan Verb 3 (Past Participle); dan “would” diikuti dengan Verb-1 (Base Form of Verb). Past Participle ditandai dengan Verb dengan akhiran “-d/ed”, disebut Regular Verb; namun, ada juga yang tidak berturan (perubahan verb sama dan atau berbeda), disebut Irregular Verb (seperti: do – done, see – seen, put – put, dan lain-lain)contoh:

§  She’s not here. He’s a friendly person. (is)

§  She’s done all the things. She’s finished. (has + verb 3)

§  I’d like to eat a pizza. She’d prepare the wedding. (would verb 1).

§  You’d submitted to Mr. Elena. I’d written it on my book. (had + verb 3).

 

b.   Contractions antara auxiliary verb dengan “not”, yaitu:

Aux. Verb/ Be + not	Contraction/ Short Form
not	n’t
§  *Am not	§  I’m not
§  Is not	§  Isn’t
§  Are not	§  Aren’t
§  Do not	§  Don’t
§  Does not	§  Doesn’t
§  Was not	§  Wasn’t
§  Were not	§  Weren’t
§  Did not	§  Didn’t
§  Have not	§  Haven’t
§  Has not	§  Hasn’t
§  Had not	§  Hadn’t
§  Will not	§  Won’t
§  Shall not	§  Shan’t
§  Would not	§  Wouldn’t
§  Should not	§  Shouldn’t
§  Can not	§  Can’t
§  Could not	§  Couldn’t
§  Must not	§  Musn’t
§  Might not	§  Mightn’t

 

2.   Contoh Contraction

Contraction dapat terjadi setelah noun (kata benda), names (nama), here (di sini), there (di sana), question ‘what’ (apa) & ‘where’ (dimana), dan now (sekarang). Contraction ini tidak sesuai jika digunakan dalam formal writing. Contoh kalimat dengan contraction.

Sentence	Sentence with Contraction
§  My sister has got married	§  My sister’s got married
§  John will be very happy	§  John’ll be very happy
§  Here is the coffee	§  Here’s the coffee
§  There is your watch	§  There’s your watch
§  Now is your chance.	§  Now’s your chance.
§  Where is the milk?	§  Where’s the milk?
§  What has happened?	§  What’s happened?
§  What is the news?	§  What’s the news?

Keterangan:

a.   Kita dapat menggunakan  contractions dengan be + negative dengan 2 cara, misalnya:

§  “She is not” dikontraksikan menjadi 1) “she isn’t” atau 2) “she’s not”;

§  Bentuk “I am not” hanya dapat dikontraksikan menjadi “I’m not” (bukan: I’m n’t atau I am n’t);

§  “They are not” dikontraksikan menjadi 1) “they aren’t” atau 2) “they’re not”.

*Catatan: Bentuk contractions “isn’t” atau “aren’t” lebih umum digunakan setelah noun (kata benda). Sedangkan bentuk contractions “’s not” atau “’re not” lebih umum digunakan setelah pronoun (kata ganti). Contoh:

§  The cakes aren’t ready yet. (The cakes: noun)

§  She’s not a friend of mine. (She: pronoun)

b.   Jangan gunakan lebih dari satu contraction.

Correct: He’s not free.

Incorrect: He’sn’t free.

c.   Jangan gunakan bentuk affirmative (positif) contractions di akhir klausa.

A: “I think we’re lost.”

B: Correct: “Yes, I think we are.” Incorrect: “I think we’re”

d.   Namun, kita menggunakan negative contractions di akhir klausa dan juga biasanya digunakan dalam tag questions.

A: “You’ve contacted Jan, haven’t you?”

B: “No, I haven’t.”

e.   Dalam bentuk tag question, am not digantikan dengan contraction “aren’t”

A: “I’m getting a pay rise, aren’t I?” Bukan: amn’t I?

 

3.   Daftar Contraction Lainnya

Banyak sekali contraction yang digunakan selain contraction “noun atau pronoun” dengan “be atau auxiliary verb”. bahkan ada beberapa frasa yang dikontraksikan. Berikut daftar contraction yang sering digunakan dalam percakapan sehari-hari.

Contraction	Meaning
'aight	alright
ain't	am not / is not / are not / has not / have not / did not (colloquial)[1]
amn't	am not[2]
aren't	are not[3]
can't	cannot
'cause	because
could've	could have
couldn't	could not
couldn't've	could not have
daren't	dare not / dared not
daresn't	dare not
dasn't	dare not
didn't	did not
doesn't	does not
don't	do not / does not[4]
dunno	don't know / do not know
d'ye	do you / did you
e'er	ever
'em	them
everybody's	everybody is
everyone's	everyone is
finna	fixing to / going to (colloquial)
g'day	good day
gimme	give me
giv'n	given
gonna	going to
gon't	go not (colloquial)
gotta	got to
hadn't	had not
had've	had have
hasn't	has not
haven't	have not
he'd	he had / he would
he'll	he shall / he will
he's	he has / he is
he've	he have
how'd	how did / how would
howdy	how do you do / how do you fare
how'll	how will
how're	how are
how's	how has / how is / how does
I'd	I had / I would
I'd've	I would have
I'll	I shall / I will
I'm	I am
I'm'a	I am about to
I'm'o	I am going to
innit	is it not
I've	I have
isn't	is not
it'd	it would
it'll	it shall / it will
it's	it has / it is
iunno	I don't know
let's	let us
ma'am	madam
mayn't	may not
may've	may have
methinks	me thinks
mightn't	might not
might've	might have
mustn't	must not
mustn't've	must not have
must've	must have
needn't	need not
nal	and all
ne'er	never
o'clock	of the clock
o'er	over
ol'	old
oughtn't	ought not
's	is, has, does, or us
shalln't	shall not (archaic)
shan't	shall not
she'd	she had / she would
she'll	she shall / she will
she's	she has / she is
should've	should have
shouldn't	should not
shouldn't've	should not have
somebody's	somebody has / somebody is
someone's	someone has / someone is
something's	something has / something is
so're	so are (colloquial)
that'll	that shall / that will
that're	that are
that's	that has / that is
that'd	that would / that had
there'd	there had / there would
there'll	there shall / there will
there're	there are
there's	there has / there is
these're	these are
these've	these have
they'd	they had / they would
they'll	they shall / they will
they're	they are / they were
they've	they have
this's	this has / this is
those're	those are
those've	those have
'tis	it is
to've	to have
'twas	it was
wanna	want to
wasn't	was not
we'd	we had / we would/ we did
we'd've	we would have
we'll	we shall / we will
we're	we are
we've	we have
weren't	were not
what'd	what did
what'll	what shall / what will
what're	what are/what were
what's	what has / what is / what does
what've	what have
when's	when has / when is
where'd	where did
where'll	where shall / where will
where're	where are
where's	where has / where is / where does
where've	where have
which'd	which had / which would
which'll	which shall / which will
which're	which are
which's	which has / which is
which've	which have
who'd	who would / who had / who did
who'd've	who would have
who'll	who shall / who will
who're	who are
who's	who has / who is / who does
who've	who have
why'd	why did
why're	why are
why's	why has / why is / why does
willn't	will not (archaic)
won't	will not
wonnot	will not (archaic)
would've	would have
wouldn't	would not
wouldn't've	would not have
y'all	you all (colloquial/Southern American English)
y'all'd've	you all would have (colloquial/Southern American English)
y'all'd'n've	you all would not have (colloquial/Southern American English)
y'all're	you all are (colloquial/Southern American English)
you'd	you had / you would
you'll	you shall / you will
you're	you are
you've	you have
noun's	noun is (possessive forms of many nouns are homographic to this contraction)
noun(s)'re	noun(s) are

 

See also:

1.   Modal Auxiliary Verb

2.   Kinds of Tenses

 

References:

1. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/contractions accessed on 9th November 2020
2. https://www.thoughtco.com/contractions-commonly-used-informal-english-1692651 accessed on 9th November 2020
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_English_contractions accessed on 9th November 2020

 

Demikian tadi sekilas Penjelasan terkait “Contraction” dalam bahasa Inggris. Semoga bermanfaat dan dapat menambah wawasan baru bagi kita dalam mempelajari bahasa Inggris. Terima kasih...