CHAPTER V
ACTIVE-PASSIVE VOICE
(KALIMAT AKTIF – PASIF)
Mata Pelajaran :
Bahasa Inggris
Kelas : XI
(Sebelas)
Semester : 1 /
Ganjil
Kompetensi Dasar :
3.5 Menerapkan fungsi sosial,
struktur teks, dan unsur
kebahasaan teks interaksi transaksional lisan dan tulis yang melibatkan
tindakan memberi dan meminta informasi terkait
keadaan /tindakan/ kegiatan/ kejadian tanpa perlu menyebutkan pelakunya dalam teks ilmiah, sesuai dengan konteks penggunaannya. (Perhatikan
unsur kebahasaan passive voice).
A. Active
& Passive Voice
1. Pengertian
Active & Passive Voice
Active Voice (kalimat aktif) merupakan kalimat yang mana subjek aktif
melakukan tindakan atau aksi terhadap suatu objek (benda). Kalimat aktif memiliki
struktur kalimat, yaitu “Subject + Verb
+ Object”. Selain itu, Active voice (kalimat aktif) dalam tata bahasa
Indonesia diindikasikan oleh verb atau kata kerja dengan prefix (awalan) “me- atau ber-“. Sementara itu, Passive Voice (kalimat pasif) adalah
konstruksi tatabahasa dimana kata atau frasa kata benda yang akan menjadi obyek
dari kalimat aktif, muncul sebagai
subjek kalimat. Dalam bahasa Indonesia kalimat pasif biasanya diikuti prefix
(awalan) berupa “di– atau ter–“ pada verb (kata kerja) yang
digunakan. Kalimat pasif memiliki
struktur kalimat sebagai berikut.
*S + Be + Past Participle (V3) + **By (Agent) |
*S
atau Subject dalam passive voice
merupakan Objek (benda) yang dikenai suatu tindakan atau aksi.
**by
agent merupakan Subjek sebenarnya atau pelaku (seseorang dari tindakan atau
aksi tersebut.
Contoh:
§ Active : She waters
this plant every day. (Dia (pr) menyirami
tanaman ini setiap hari)
Passive : This plant is watered by her every day ( Tanaman ini disiram oleh dia setiap hari).
§ Active : She met them
yesterday. (Dia (pr) menemui mereka
kemarin)
Passive : They were
met by her yesterday ( Mereka ditemui
dia kemarin).
2.
Perubahan Active Voice (Kalimat Aktif) Menjadi Passive Voice
(Kalimat Pasif)
Perubahan kalimat aktif menjadi kalimat
pasif harus memerhatikan ketentuan-ketentuan berikut.
a. Kalimat aktif yang bisa diubah menjadi kalimat pasif harus memiliki objek, atau berupa kalimat
aktif yang mengandung transitive verbs
(kata kerja yang memerlukan objek langsung) seperti make, bring, buy, write
dan sebagainya.
*)
Sebaliknya, kalimat aktif yang mengandung intransitive
verbs (kata kerja yang tidak memerlukan objek langsung) seperti live, cry,
swim, go, arrive, dan die tidak bisa diubah menjadi kalimat pasif.
Contoh
:
-
Active Sentence:
Maria brings a book (objeknya adalah
a book, maka bisa diubah ke kalimat pasif)
-
Active Sentence:
Maria stays at home this weekend
(objeknya tidak ada, kata “at home this
weekend” merupakan kata keterangan. Jadi tidak dapat diubah ke kalimat
pasif).
*) Pola kalimat Nominal (pada setiap tenses), yaitu kalimat
yang diikuti dengan 3 Complement, antara lain Adverb (kata keterangan), Adjective
(kata sifat), dan atau Noun (kata
benda) sudah pasti tidak dapat diubah menjadi bentuk passive voice (kalimat
pasif).
b. Ubahlah posisi Subjek dan Objek kalimat aktif, yaitu Subjek
ditempatkan di belakang dengan disertai “By” sebelumnya, kemudian Objek
ditempatkan di depan kalimat. Perhatikan bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan.
c. Ubahlah verb atau kata kerja yang digunakan menjadi pola “be
+ Verb 3” sesuai dengan tenses yang digunakan. Contoh:
§ Simple: be
(is/am/are atau was/were) + Verb 3;
§ Continuous: be
(is/am/are atau was/were) being +
Verb 3;
§ Perfect:
have/has/had + been + Verb 3;
§ Future:
will/would + be + Verb 3;
§ Modal:
modal (can/could/should ...) + be + Verb 3.
*) Untuk perubahan Verb (kata kerja) dari active ke passive
voice, perhatikan pada table rumus active & passive voice.
3. Rumus Perubahan Active & Passive
Voice
Untuk membentuk kalimat pasif, perlu adanya penyesuaian bentuk tenses yang
digunakan. Oleh karena itu, perhatikan pola atau rumus tense dari Active Voice
ke Passive Voice berikut ini.
Tenses |
Active Voice (Kalimat Aktif) |
Passive Voice (Kalimat Pasif) |
1.
Simple
Present |
(+)
S + V1/ V-s/es + O |
(+)
O + to be (is, am, are) + V3 + by S |
2.
Present
Continuous |
(+)
S + is/am/are + V-ing + O |
(+)
O + to be (is, am, are) + being + V3 +
by S |
3.
Present
Perfect |
(+)
S + have/has + V3 + O |
(+)
O + have/has + been + V3 + by S |
4.
Present
Perfect Continuous |
(+)
S + have/has + been + V-ing + O |
(+)
O + have/has + been + being + V3 + by S |
5.
Simple
Past |
(+)
S + V2 + O |
(+)
O + to be (was/were) + V3 + by S |
6.
Past
Continuous |
(+)
S + was/were + V-ing + O |
(+)
O + to be (was/were) + being + V3 + by
S |
7.
Past
Perfect |
(+)
S + had + V3 + O |
(+)
O + had + been + V3 + by S |
8.
Past
Perfect Continuous |
(+)
S + had + been + V-ing + O |
(+)
O + had + been + being + V3 + by S |
9.
Simple
Future |
(+)
S + will/shall + V1 + O |
(+)
O + will/shall + be + V3 + by S |
10.
Future
Continuous |
(+)
S + will + be + V-ing + O |
(+)
O + will + be + being + V3 + by S |
11.
Future
Perfect |
(+)
S + will + have + V3 + O |
(+)
O + will + have + been + V3 + by S |
12.
Future
Perfect Continuous |
(+)
S + will + have + been + V-ing + O |
(+)
O + will + have + been + being + V3 + by S |
13.
Simple
Past Future |
(+)
S + would/should + V1 + O |
(+)
O + would/should + be + V3 + by S |
14.
Past
Future Continuous |
(+)
S + would/should + be + V-ing + O |
(+)
O + would/should + be + being + V3 + by S |
15.
Past
Future Perfect |
(+)
S + would/should + have + V3 + O |
(+)
O + would/should + have + been + V3 +
by S |
16.
Past
Future Perfect Continuous |
(+)
S + would/should + have + been + V-ing +O |
(+)
O + would/should + have + been + being
+ V3 + by S |
17.
Modals
|
(+)
S + can/ may/ must/ ought to + V1 + O |
(+)O
+ can/ may/ must/ ought to + be V3 + by S |
*Keterangan:
§ S merupakan Subject; V(1/2/3/-ing) merupakan Verb(1/2/3/-ing); O merupakan
Object;
§ Penggunaan kalimat pasif dengan perfect continuous tenses biasanya
jarang dilakukan karena menghasilkan struktur kalimat yang terlalu rumit dan
sulit dipahami. Oleh karena itu, hal ini sebaiknya dihindari meskipun secara tata
bahasa benar.
4.
Contoh Perubahan Active & Passive Voice
Berikut ini contoh perubahan active
voice menjadi passive voice menyesuaikan
dengan bentuk tense yang digunakan.
Tenses |
Active Voice (Kalimat Aktif) |
Passive Voice (Kalimat Pasif) |
1.
Simple Present |
Mila buys a
book. |
A book is bought
by Mila |
2.
Present Continuous |
Mila is buying
a book. |
A book is being
bought by Mila |
3.
Present Perfect |
Mila has bought
a book. |
A book has been
bought by Mila |
4.
Present Perfect Continuous |
Mila has been
buying a book. |
A book has been
being bought by Mila |
5.
Simple Past |
Mila bought a
book. |
A book was bought
by Mila |
6.
Past Continuous |
Mila was buying
a book. |
A book was being
bought by Mila |
7.
Past Perfect |
Mila had bought
a book. |
A book had been
bought by Mila |
8.
Past Perfect Continuous |
Mila had been
buying a book. |
A book had been
being bought by Mila |
9.
Simple Future |
Mila will buy a
book. |
A book will be
bought by Mila |
10.
Future Continuous |
Mila will be buying
a book. |
A book will be
being bought by Mila |
11.
Future Perfect |
Mila will have
bought a book. |
A book will have
been bought by Mila |
12.
Future Perfect Continuous |
Mila will have been
buying a book. |
A book will have
been being bought by Mila |
13.
Simple Past Future |
Mila would buy
a book. |
A book would be
bought by Mila |
14.
Past Future Continuous |
Mila would be
buying a book. |
A book would be being
bought by Mila |
15.
Past Future Perfect |
Mila would have
bought a book. |
A book would have
been bought by Mila |
16.
Past Future Perfect Continuous |
Mila would have
been buying a book. |
A book would have
been being bought by Mila |
17.
Modals |
Mila can buy a
book |
A book can be
bought by Mila |
Mila could buy
a book |
A book could be
bought by Mila |
|
Mila may buy a
book |
A book may be
bought by Mila |
|
Mila might buy
a book |
A book might be
bought by Mila |
|
Mila must buy a
book |
A book must be
bought by Mila |
|
Mila ought to buy
a book |
A book ought to be
bought by Mila |
Penting!!!
a)
Passive
voice (kalimat pasif) dapat diubah menjadi kalimat tanya (question) yaitu “be + Object + V3 + by Subject?”. Untuk
pola kalimat negative tinggal menambahkan “not” sesudah be (is/am/are atau
was/were), auxiliary verb (has/have/had), dan atau modal (will/can/may/could
...) Perhatikan contoh berikut ini.
§ (+) The boy was helped by Mary.
(-)The boy was not
helped by Mary.
(?) Was the boy helped by Mary?
§ (+) The boy is being helped by Mary.
(-) The boy is not
being helped by Mary.
(?)Is
the boy being helped by Mary?
§ (+) The boy has been helped by Mary.
(+) The boy has not
been helped by Mary
Has
the boy been helped by Mary?
b)
Biasanya
passive voice (kalimat pasif) tanpa “by Subject/Agent” jika tidak diketahui
siapa yang melakukan tindakan tersebut “by Subject” atau tidak penting untuk
diketahui. Contoh:
§ Rice
is grown in India.
(tidak penting untuk diketahui)
§ Our
house was built in 1980.
(tidak diketahui siapa yang melakukan)
§ This
olive oil was imported from Crete. (tidak diketahui siapa yang melakukan)
*) mungkin yang “by subject/agent” pada
contoh kalimat dia atas adalah by people/ farmers/ someone (tidak diketahui/
tidak penting untuk diketahui).
c)
Jika
“by Subject/Agent” tersebut diketahui (ingin menfokuskan perhatian pada subjek
kalimat) atau penting untuk diketahui maka dicantumkan dalam passive voice
(kalimat pasif) tersebut. Contoh:
§ Life
on the Mississippi was written by Mark
Twain.
(penting untuk diketahui)
§ This
rug was made by my aunt. (diketahui dan ingin ingin
menfokuskan perhatian pada subjek kalimat)
§ That
rug was made by my mother. (diketahui dan ingin ingin
menfokuskan perhatian pada subjek kalimat)
Demikian tadi sekilas penjelasan Materi
Bahasa Inggris Kelas XI Semester 1 terkait
Active & Passive Voice (Kalimat Aktif & Pasif). Semoga bermanfaat
dan dapat menambah wawasan baru bagi kita dalam mempelajari bahasa Inggris.
Terima kasih...
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