CONJUNCTION
“How to CONNECT some ideas ? or What if we want to LINK some sentences?”
Bagaimana caranya kita menghubungkan beberapa ide? Atau bagaimana jika
kita ingin menghubungkan beberapa kalimat? Ya, mungkin Kalian semua sudah tahu
bahwa kata hubung “CONJUNCTION”
adalah kata yang tepat. Conjunction atau bisa juga disebut Connector merupakan bagian dari part
of speech yang berfungsi untuk menghubungkan kata, frasa (phrase), klausa
(clause), atau paragraf (paragraph). Jika kita ingin menggabungkan beberapa
ungkapan yang menyatakan ide, tindakan, ataupun pemikiran kita dapat
menggunakan conjunction. Selain itu, Kata ini
A.
Pengertian
Conjunction
Conjuncation
atau kata hubung merupakan kata yang berfungsi untuk menghubungkan dua kata,
frasa (phrase), klausa (clause), atau paragraf (paragraph). Selain itu,
Conjunction menghubungkan thoughts (pemikiran), actions (tindakan), and ideas
(ide), sebagimana nouns (kata
benda), clauses
(klausa), and other parts of speech (part of speech lainnya). Kata ini juga
digunakan untuk mendaftar sesuatu hal, ataupun menyatakan kalimat yang
bertentangan satu dengan yang lainnya. Contoh:
§ I tried to hit
the nail but hit my thumb instead.
§ I have two
goldfish and a cat.
§ I’d like a bike for
commuting to work.
§ You can have
peach ice cream or a brownie sundae.
§ Neither the black dress
nor
the gray one looks right on me.
§ My dad always
worked hard so we could afford the things we wanted.
§ I try very hard
in school yet I am not receiving good grades.
§ After going home, I
will play football with my friends.
§ They look so
happy when they found their lost children.
B.
Fungsi
Conjunction
Sebagaimana
yang telah disebutkan di atas, Conjunction berfungsi untuk menghubungkan dua kata, frasa (phrase), klausa (clause), atau
paragraf (paragraph). Perhatikan penggunaan conjunction (kata hubung) berikut
ini.
1.
*Menghubungkan antar
Kata, baik Kata Benda (Noun) Atau Kata Kerja (Verb)
Contoh:
§ I’ll get you,
my pretty, and your little dog
too. (compund noun)
§ Do you choose pizza
or salad?
§ I run or play every day. (compound verb)
§ Miko, Mike, and I are going to go to the town
square tonight. (compound subject)
2.
*Menghubungkan antar
Frasa
Contoh:
§ Either playing a music
instrument or singing a song is my favorite
activity to do.
§ I love both cooking food and baking cake.
§ Studying Math and having its test are so
interesting.
§ My beloved father
and my little cute sister like gardening.
3.
Menghubungkan antar
Klausa/ Kalimat
Contoh:
§ 1If you study hard
and get the best achievement, 2you can be accepted by the reputable university.
§ 1Shela is reading
the novel in the class 2while Shinta is drawing an anime.
§ 1I have already
set up my room
2before I go to school.
§ 1Because Hilya is sick, 2she cannot join the competition.
4.
**)Menghubungkan
antar Kalimat dalam Paragraf atau
Paragraf dalam Bacaan.
Contoh:
What are the
pros and cons of falling in love with your best friend? Everyone must have best friends in
their lives. A best friend is someone you believe you can trust your life
with. A best friend is the first person you call when you have the most amazing things in your life, and when you are in the most horrific incidents. But, what if you fall in love with your best friends? If you have decided to choose your
best friend as someone you will share your life with, there is a lot to
consider. Take a moment to consider the advantages and disadvantages of
taking your friendship to the next level. Having a serious relationship with
someone you’ve only been best friends until
now may not be an easy task, but
the following advantages may just make taking the risk worth it. Firstly, you
have already laid the groundwork. A strong emotional bond is a strong
foundation of any successful relationship. Next, you can bypass the awkward stuff. The good news about
dating your best friend is that you can simply enjoy the excitement of taking
your relationship to the next level. Besides,
you have already had a solid emotional bond and have shared history of
togetherness such as graduating from the same university together or
gathering family by your side. Having shared important moments in each
other’s lives will make your connection stronger and even more likely to
last. On the other side, dating your best friend has also some
disadvantages. Before taking a romantic relationship with your best friend,
take a moment to consider the following drawbacks. First, are you willing to make the sacrifice? What if it doesn’t
last? If you break up, you might
loss your friendship forever. Second,
there is always a possibility for not having a mutual feeling between both of
you. Decide in advance what your plans might be if your friend does not reciprocate: can you continue your
friendship with him/her? Could you take it if he/she dates someone else? Third, although you’ll bypass the awkward getting-to-know-you
stage, missing out on discovering a new person, their personality and their
interests could prove to be a little boring for you. While there are risks involved with confessing romantic feelings
to your best friend, it is worth remembering that the greatest and most
successful relationships often grow from great friendships, and it might just
be the best decision you’ll ever make. |
*) Struktur
paralel (Parallel Structure) berarti
menggunakan pola kata yang sama untuk menunjukkan bahwa dua atau lebih gagasan
memiliki tingkat kepentingan yang sama. Ini dapat terjadi pada tingkat kata,
frase, atau klausa. Cara yang biasa untuk menggabungkan struktur paralel adalah
dengan menggunakan Coordinating
Conjuction seperti "and" atau "or". Dalam struktur
paralel disini harus ada kesamaan dalam penggunaan verb (kata kerja), noun
(kata benda), adverb (kata keterangan), phrase (frasa), dan ataupun clause
(klausa). Contoh:
§ Mary likes hiking, swimming, and riding a
bicycle. (Gerund (Verb-ing) Parallel);
§ The production
manager was asked to write his report quickly,
accurately, and thoroughly. (Adverb Parallel)
§ The teacher said
that he was a poor student because he waited
until the last minute to study for the exam, completed his lab problems in a careless manner, and lacked motivation. (Verb Parallel)
§ The coach told
the players that they should get a lot of sleep, that they should not
eat too much, and that they should do some warm-up exercises before the
game. (Clause Parallel)
**) Transition atau Kata Transisi Sebagai
merupakan bagian dari Part of Speech,
kata-kata transisi digunakan untuk menghubungkan kata, frasa, atau kalimat.
Mereka membantu pembaca untuk melanjutkan dari satu ide (diungkapkan oleh
penulis) ke ide berikutnya. Dengan demikian, mereka membantu membangun hubungan
yang koheren di dalam teks atau bacaan. Transition biasanya berada di awal
kalimat dalam sebuah paragraf, dan atau di setiap awal paragraf dalam sebuah
bacaan, seperti in addition, in other words, besides, moreover, etc. Transition
memiliki fungsi yang sama dengan Conjunction.
C.
Macam-Macam
Conjunction
Conjuction
(kata hubung) dibagi menjadi 3 macam antara lain:
1.
Coordinate
Conjunction
Kata hubung ini berfungsi untuk
menghubungkan dua kalimat yang setara (kalimat majemuk). Kata hubung tersebut
antara lain “FANBOYS”: For (atas,
karena), And (dan), Nor (dan tidak), But (tetapi), Or (atau), Yet (tetapi), So
(jadi).
§ Mika writes a
letter
and
she listens the music. (Mika menulis sebuah surat dan dia mendengarkan
musik)
§ Aldo is a smart
student,
but
his attitute is bad. (Aldo adalah seorang siswa yang pandai, tetapi
perilakunya buruk)
§ Lila won the
speech contest yesterday, so her mother gave her a gift.
(Lila memenangkan lomba pidato, jadi ibunya memberinya hadiah)
2.
Correlative
Conjunction
Kata hubung yang memiliki pasangan
dalam menghubungkan dua kata, frasa (phrase), dan klausa (clause). Contoh: not
only...but also (tidak hanya...tetapi juga), either...or (baik...ataupun) untuk
kalimat (+), neither...nor (baik...ataupun) untuk kalimat (-), both...and
(ke-2nya...dan), whether...or (apakah...atau), jus as...so (sebagaimana...juga),
as...as (se-/ sama...dengan), as much...as, no sooner...than, rather...than,
dll.
§ Ahmad is not
only a smart student, but he
is also
a helpful friend. (Ahmad tidak hanya seorang siswa yang pandai, tetapi dia juga
seorang teman yang suka membantu).
§ Both Marsha and
Miska are my friend. (keduanya Marsha dan Miska adalah temanku).
3.
Subordinate
Conjunction
Kata hubung ini berfungsi untuk
menghubungkan antara anak kalimat (subordinate /dependent clause) dengan induk
kalimat (main/ independent clause). Yang termasuk kata hubung ini antara lain:
Type |
contoh |
Time (Waktu) |
§ after (setelah), as (ketika, sementara), as
soon as (segera setelah), before
(sebelum), once (segera setelah), since (sejak), until/till (sampai), when
(ketika), whenever (kapan saja,
sewaktu-waktu), while (ketika,
sementara) |
Place (Tempat) |
§ where (dimana), wherever (dimanapun) |
Contrast (Pertentangan) |
§ although, even though, though (meskipun), whereas (sebaliknya, sedangkan), while (meskipun), even if § (kalaupun) |
Cause & Effect (Sebab Akibat) |
§ as (karena), because, because of (karena), due,
due to (karena), since
(karena), such/so that (sehingga) |
Purpose (Tujuan) |
§ in order to/ in order that (agar), so that/ such that(agar, sehingga), |
Condition (Syarat) |
§ as long as (jika, dengan syarat), if (jika, dengan syarat), only if (hanya jika), otherwise (jika tidak), or else (jika tidak), provided /providing (that) (jika,
dengan syarat), supposing
(asumsikan, anggap), unless (jika
tidak) |
Manner (Cara) |
§ as if (seperti, seolah-olah), as though (seperti), how (bagaimana), the way (cara) |
Penting!!!
1)
Main
Clause/Independent Clause (Induk Kalimat) merupakan kalimat/ klausa utama
yang dapat berdiri sendiri atau memiliki makna utuh. Main clause terdiri dari
mininal “Subject + Verb ...”. Contoh:
§ Sachi is sleeping.
(Subject + Verb)
§ My mother is in
the kitchen right now. (Subject + Verb + Adverb of Place + Adverb of
time)
§ My father works everyday.
(Subject + Verb + Adverb of Time)
2)
Subordinnate/Dependent
Clause
(Anak Kalimat) merupakan kalimat/ klausa yang tidak dapat berdiri sendiri
melainkan bersandar pada main clause. Sebagaimana namanya, Subordinate Clause
memiki struktur “Subordinate Conjunction + Subject + Verb ...”. Contoh:
§ When you call
me. (Subordinate Conjunction
+ Subject + Verb + Object)
§ Before I go. (Subordinate Conjunction + Subject + Verb)
§ If we study
hard. (Subordinate Conjunction
+ Subject + Adverb)
3)
Antara
Subordinate (Dependent) Clause dengan
Main (Independent) Clause selalu
berdampingan dalam sebuah kalimat. Main Clause bisa berada sebelum ataupun
sesudah Subordinate Clause. Jika Subordinate berada di depan maka diberi tanda
koma, yaitu “Subordinate Clause, + Main Clause” untuk memisahkan kedua
klausa tersebut. Sedangkan, jika Main clause di depan maka tidak perlu
diberikan tanda koma, yaitu “Main Clause + Subordinate Clause”.
Perhatikan contoh berikut ini.
§ She doesn’t come
to school because she is sick now. (Dia (pr) tidak datang
ke sekolah karena dia sakit saat ini). (Main Clause + Subordinate Clause).
§ If you study hard, you will be
the best. (Jika kamu belajar dengan sungguh-sungguh, kamu akan menjadi yang
terbaik). (Subordinate Clause, + Main Clause).
§ I was in my room
when you call me. (Saya di kamar
ketika kamu memanggilku). (Main Clause + Subordinate Clause).
§ Before we go, we should ask for permission to our
parent. (Sebelum kita pergi, kita sebaiknya meminta izin orang tua kita).
(Subordinate Clause, + Main Clause).
*Keterangan:
-
Klausa
yang bergaris bawah atau sesudah kata hubung (*because, if, when, before) disebut subordinate/ dependent clause atau
“anak kalimat”;
-
Kalimat
yang tidak bergaris bawah disebut main/ independent clause atau “induk
kalimat”;
-
Ketika
subordinate/ dependent clause “anak kalimat” berada di depan maka perlu
menambahkan tanda baca koma (,) sesudahnya, dan sebaliknya jika anak kalimat
berada di belakang tidak perlu menambahkan tanda baca koma (,).
Selain itu,
Conjunction yang digunakan untuk menghubungkan dua klausa pada Adjective
dan Noun Clause adalah Subordinate Conjunction:
a)
Adjective Clause
Fungsi |
Conjunction |
Contoh Kalimat |
Menunjuk
kepada orang |
§ Who § Whom § Whose |
§ They didn’t
approve the man whom my sister
married. § An
orphan is a child whose parents
are dead. |
Menunjuk
kepada orang atau benda |
§ That |
§ I find a new
friend that cares about myself. |
Menunjuk
kepada benda |
§ Which |
§ My new phone which I bought yesterday stopped
working. |
Menunjuk
kepada waktu dan tempat |
§ When § Where |
§ An orphanage
is a place where orphans live. |
b)
Noun Clause
Fungsi |
Conjunction |
Contoh Kalimat |
That
clauses |
§ That |
§ Do you believe
that there’s life is outer space? |
If/whether
clauses |
§ Whether § Whether
or not § Whether…
or not § If § If…
or not |
§ I can’t
remember whether I locked the
door. § I
can’t remember if I locked the
door. |
Question
clauses |
§ Who, Whoever,
Whom, Which, What, Where, When, Why, How, How much, How many, How long, How often,
Etc |
§ Do you know where the bus station is? § He
didn’t care how long he had to wait. |
4.
Conjunctive
Adverb
Conjunctive Adverb selalu menghubungkan
suatu klausa dengan klausa lainnya yang (dua independent clause), dan digunakan untuk menunjukkan sequence
(rangkaian/ urutan), contrast (pertentangan), cause and effect (sebab akibat),
dan lainnya. Yang pelu diperhatikan adalah ketika menghubungkan dua kalimat
atau klausa indpenden dengan conjunctive adverb, maka perlu menggunakan “;”
sebagai pemisah antara keduanya. Contoh:
§ I’m
a student; also, I work at coffee
shop.
§ I
can’t cook very well; however, I
make quite good omelets.
§ Sarah
is ambitious; in contrast, her
brother is quite lazy.
§ Joh’s
lazy; thus, he gets C in Math class.
§ I
went to the supermarket; then, I went
home.
§ Our
identity can be identified by several aspects; for example, we can define ourselves by mentioning our physical
appearance.
§ Surabaya
has hot weather; similarly,
Jakarta’s average temperature is 34oC.
§ They
planned to go to Bali; instead, they
went to Lombok.
§ You
can live in a dorm of campus; alternatively,
you can rent a room off-campus.
§ Identity
is the answer of the question ‘Who are you?’; in other words, identity is the way that we use to represent
ourselves.
§ Berries
are common fruits; indeed, people
love berries.
Fungsi |
Conjunction |
Artinya |
Menambah ide yang sama |
§ Also § Besides § Futhermore § In
addition § Moreover |
§ Juga § Selain § Selanjutnya § Sebagai tambahan § Bahkan |
Menambah kelanjutan yang tak diduga |
§ However § Nevertheless § Nonetheless § Still |
§ Namun § Namun § Namun § Masih |
Menambah perbedan |
§ In contrast § On
the other hand |
§ Sebaliknya § Di samping itu |
Menambah akibat |
§ As a result § Consequently § Therefore § Thus |
§ Akibatnya § Akibatnnya/ Oleh karena itu § Oleh karena itu § Jadi |
Membuat list sesuai urutan waktu |
§ Meanwhile § Afterward § Then § Subsequently |
§ Sementara itu § Kemudian § Kemudian § Kemudian |
Memberi contoh |
§ For example § For instance |
§ Sebagai contoh § Contohnya |
Memperlihatkan kesamaan |
§ Similarly § Likewise |
§ Demikian pula § Juga |
Memperlihatkan pernyataan kedua yang benar |
§ Instead § On
the contrary § Rather |
§ Sebagai gantinya § Di sisi lain § Agak |
Memberi kemungkinan lain |
§ Alternatively § On the other
hand |
§ Kalau tidak § Di samping itu |
Menambah penjelasan |
§ Otherwise § In other words |
§ Jika tidak § Dengan kata lain |
Membuat pernyataan yang lebih kuat |
§ Indeed § In fact |
§ Sungguh/ Memang § Faktanya |
D.
Daftar Kosakata
Conjunction
Berikut
ini daftar Conjunction (kata hubung) yang sering kali digunakan baik dalam
percakapan ataupun penulisan.
Type |
Conjunction |
Artinya |
Coordinating
Conjunction |
§ For § And § Nor § But § Or § Yet § So |
§ Karena § Dan § Maupun/ dan
tidak § Tetapi § Atau § Tetapi, namun § Jadi, begitu |
Correlative
Conjunction |
§ Both … and § Not only … but
also § Either … or § Neither … nor § Whether … or |
§ Berdua dan § Tak hanya… tapi juga § Baik… atau (+) § Baik… maupun (-) § Apakah… atau |
§ Subordinating Conjunction |
||
Waktu |
§ After § As, Just as § As long as § As soon as § Before § Since § Until § When § Whenever § While |
§ Setelah § Sebagai, Sama seperti § Selama § Sesegera § Sebelum § Sejak § Sampai § Kapan § Kapanpun § Sementara |
Tempat |
§ Where § Wherever § Anywhere § Everywhere |
§ Dimana § Di manapun § Dimanapun § Dimana-mana |
Cara |
§ As, Just as § As if § As though |
§ Sebagai, Sama
seperti § Seolah-olah § Seperti |
Jarak |
§ As + adverb +
as |
§ Se- ... atau
sama .... |
Frekuensi |
§ As often as |
§ Sesering |
Sebab |
§ As § Because § Because of § Due § Due to § Since |
§ Karena, sebab § Karena, sebab § Karena, sebab § Karena, sebab § Karena, sebab § Karena, sebab |
Tujuan |
§ So that § In order
to/that |
§ Sehingga, agar § Agar |
|
§ So + adjective
+ that § So + adverb +
that § Such a(n) +
noun + that § So much/many/little
/few + noun + that |
§ Sehingga § Sehingga § Sehingga § Sehingga |
Akibat |
§ If § Unless |
§ Jika § Kecuali kalau |
Partial
Contrast |
§ Although § Even though § Though |
§ Meskipun § Meskipun § Meskipun |
Perbedaan |
§ While § Whereas |
§ Sementara § Sedangkan |
*) Beberapa
Conjunction memiliki makna lebih dari satu, seperti “since” dan memiliki fungsi
yang berbeda misalkan harus dikuti kalimat sesudahnya “Subject + Verb” ataupun
kata benda (noun)/ frasa benda (noun phrase).
See also:
2.
Kinds of Clause
3.
List of
Conjunction
4.
Transition
5.
Parallelism
References:
- Oshima, A., & Hogue, A. (2006). Writing Academic English (4th ed.). New York: Pearson Longman.
- https://www.gingersoftware.com/content/grammar-rules/conjunctions/ accessed on 27th October 2020
- https://www.studiobelajar.com/conjunction/ accessed on 27th October 2020
- https://www.fluentu.com/blog/english/english-conjunctions/ accessed on
11th November 2020
- https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/mechanics/parallel_structure.html accessed on 15th November 2020
- https://www.smart-words.org/linking-words/transition-words.html accessed on 15th November 2020
Demikian penjelasan terkait Conjunction
atau kata penghubung. Semoga bermanfaat dan dapat menambah pengetahuan baru
bagi kita, terutama dalam mempelajari bahasa Inggris. Terima kasih...
Post a Comment
"Terima kasih Anda telah mengunjungi blog kami. Kami berharap Anda dapat memberikan saran, kritik, ataupun dukungan yang positif dan membagun agar kami dapat melakukan perbaikan pada artikel blog kami."