AUXILIARY
VERB
(KATA
KERJA BANTU)
Tahukah
kamu apa itu Auxiliary Verb? Ya, auxiliary verb atau yang kita kenal dengan
“kata kerja bantu” ini memiliki fungsi yang sangat penting lho dalam sebuah
kalimat. Auxiliary verb merupakan
kata kerja yang dapat memodifikasi atau membentuk makna baru pada suatu
kalimat. Kemudian, Kata ini pada umumnya terletak sebelum main verb (kata kerja utama). Contoh auxiliary verb, yaitu can, could, will, would, may, might, shall,
should, have to, ought to, dan lain-lain. Yuk simak penjelasan auxiliary
verb berikut.
A. Pengertian
Auxiliary Verb
Auxiliary verb adalah kata kerja yang
muncul sebelum Main Verb (Kata Kerja
Utama) di dalam suatu kalimat
untuk memodifikasi makna dari kata kerja utama tersebut. Tidak seperti kata
kerja utama, auxiliary verb tidak mempunyai arti sendiri; melainkan bersama
dengan main verb membentuk makna baru. Auxiliary verb disebut juga dengan kata
kerja bantu karena kata ini membantu/ melengkapi kata kerja untuk menciptakan
sebuah makna kata atau frasa baru. Kata kerja pembantu ini terdiri dari: 1) Primary
Auxiliary Verb (Be, Do, Have) dan
2) Modal
Auxiliary Verb (Can, Could, May, Might, Will, Would, Shall, Should,
Must, Ought To).
B. Jenis-Jenis
Auxiliary Verb
Sebagaimana disebutkan di atas bahwa
auxiliary verb (ata kerja pembantu) ini dibagi menjadi 2 yaitu: 1) Primary
Auxiliary Verb (Be, Do, Have) dan
2) Modal
Auxiliary Verb (Can, Could, May, Might, Will, Would, Shall, Should,
Must, Ought To).
1. Primary
Auxiliary Verb
Primary Auxiliary Verb terdiri dari be, do, dan have. Ketiga kata kerja ini dapat pula berfungsi sebagai kata
kerja utama.
a. Be
(am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been)
Auxiliary verb “be” berfungsi untuk
membentuk present atau past continuous tense dan future continuous. Be dapat pula
dikombinasikan dengan auxiliary verb “have” untuk membentuk membentuk present
perfect continuous, yaitu “have/has been + Verb-ing” atau past perfect
continuous, yaitu “had been + Verb-ing” dan future perfect continuous, yaitu
“will have been + Verb-ing”. Contoh:
1) She is
brushing the bathroom floor. (Dia
sedang menyikat lantai kamar mandi). Present Continuous Tense |
2) They were
roasting corns at this time last night. (Mereka
sedang membakar jagung tadi malam). Past Continuous Tense |
3) The party will
be starting at this time tomorrow. (Pesta
akan sedang berlangsung besok). Future Continuous Tense |
4) He has
been driving for an hour. (Dia
telah menyetir selama sejam). Present Perfect Continuous Tense |
5) Amarta had
been living here since 5 years ago. (Amarta
telah tinggal di sini sejak lima tahun yang lalu). Past Perfect Continuous
Tense |
Selain untuk membentuk (perfect)
continuous tense, be dapat pula digunakan untuk membentuk passive voice, yaitu “be
+ Verb-3”. Contoh:
1) His computer is
being fixed. (Komputernya
sedang diperbaiki) |
2) The novel has
been written by Samantha during Summer. (Novel
tersebut telah ditulis Samantha selama musim panas). |
3) Those buildings was
rebuilt after an earthquake happened. (Bangunan-bangunan
itu dibangun kembali setelah gempa bumi terjadi). |
b. Do
(do, does, did)
Auxiliary verb “do” dapat digunakan
untuk memberikan penekanan pada kalimat pernyataan (indicative) maupun perintah
(imperative). Contoh:
1)
I do finish my homework. (Saya harus
menyelesaikan PR). Kalimat Pernyataan (Indicative) |
2)
Do open the door! (Buka pintu!)
Kalimat Perintah (Imperative) |
3)
Tina rarely does wash her shoes. (Tina jarang
mencuci sepatunya). Kalimat Pernyataan (Indicative) |
Do,
does, & did dapat
pula untuk digunakan pada: 1) kalimat negatif (dengan not), 2) pertanyaan
(seperti yes-no question, wh-question) beserta short answer (jawaban pendek), 3)
question tag, dan 4) clarifying question (pertanyaan klarifikasi) berhubungan
negative statement (pernyataan negatif) sebelumnya). Contoh:
1)
Did you see
him yesterday? (Apakah kamu melihatnya kemarin?) yes-no question |
2)
What does she want from you. (Apa yang dia inginkan darimu?) yes-no question |
3)
You love your job, don’t you? |
4)
“Diana didn’t have much money.” (Diana tidak punya banyak uang). negative 5)
“Then who did lend it to me?” (Lalu siapa yang meminjaminya padaku?) clarifying question |
6)
I do not like coffee. |
7)
She didn’t come last
night. |
Does she attend
the meeting? § Yes, She does. § No, she does not atau doesn’t. short answer |
Selain itu, auxiliary verb juga seringkali
dipadukan dengan conjunction so dan neither untuk mengekspresikan
similarity (persamaan) dan differences (perbedaan). Contoh:
1. Kalimat positif: a.
My brother
loves swimming. (Saudara saya suka berenang) b.
I love
swimming. (saya suka berenang) § My brother loves swimming and I
do too. § My brother loves swimming and so
do I. |
2. Kalimat negatif: a.
I don’t want to spend my money unwisely. (Saya tidak
ingin menghabiskan uang dengan tidak bijaksana). b.
My friend
doesn’t want to spend my money unwisely. (Teman saya tidak ingin menghabiskan
uang dengan tidak bijaksana). § I don’t want to
spend my money unwisely; my friend doesn’t either. § I don’t want to
spend my money unwisely; neither does my
friend. |
c. Have
(have, has, had)
Auxiliary verb “have” berguna untuk
membentuk perfect tense. Kata ini dapat pula dikombinasikan dengan modal verb
(should, would, might, may, must, can’t) dan past participle atau verb-3 membentuk
Perfect Modal (modal verb + have +
past participle/ verb-3). Contoh:
1.
Dira has studied
in French since April. |
2.
I had already
eaten breakfast by the time
he picked me up. |
3.
He might have realized
his mistakes. |
4.
My father may have reviewed this book. |
2. Modal
Auxiliary Verb
Modal Auxiliary verb adalah kata yang
ditempatkan sebelum main verb (kata
kerja utama) untuk memodifikasi makna atau membentuk makna baru dari kata kerja
utama tersebut. Modal auxiliary verb memiliki beberapa fungsi, diantaranya
yaitu untuk mengekspresikan willingness
(kemauan) atau ability (kemampuan), necessity (kebutuhan), dan possibility (kemungkinan). Contoh modal
auxiliary verb yaitu can, could, may, might, will, would, shall,
should, must, ought to, dan
lain-lain. Beberapa fungsi dan contoh kalimat modal auxiliary verb yaitu
sebagai berikut.
a. Can
dan Could
Can dan could dapat digunakan untuk
menyatakan ability (kemampuan).
Bedanya, can digunakan untuk menyatakan kemampuan di masa kini (present)
sedangkan could untuk menyatakan kemampuan di masa lalu (past). Selain itu, modal
auxiliary verb tersebut juga dapat digunakan untuk meminta izin (permission)
untuk melakukan sesuatu. Contoh:
1)
You can buy anything with your money but you can‘t buy love. (Kamu dapat membeli apapun dengan
uangmu tapi kamu tidak dapat membeli cinta) |
2)
Can I
borrow your car for one night? (Bisakah saya meminjam mobilmu selama satu
malam?) meminta izin (permission) |
3)
You could run faster than me two years ago. (Kamu
dapat berlari lebih cepat dari saya dua tahun lalu). ability (kemampuan) di masa lalu (past) |
4)
Could I use your
computer to print and scan? (Bolehkah saya memakai komputermu untuk print dan scan?) meminta izin (permission); lebih sopan. |
b. May
dan Might
May dan might merupakan modal auxiliary
verb yang dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan possibility (kemungkinan) di masa
sekarang (present) ataupun masa depan (future). Selain itu, modal auxiliary
verb tersebut dapat diikuti primary auxiliary verb “have” untuk menyatakan
kemungkinan di masa lalu (past). Sementara itu, may berfungsi untuk menyatakan hypothetical situation yang belum
terbukti; might menyatakan sesuatu yang telah terbukti (pasti).
May dapat digunakan untuk meminta izin
(permission) dimana modal verb ini lebih
formal dari can. Adapun might ketika
digunakan untuk meminta izin (permission) yang bersifat lebih formal daripada
modal verb could. Dibanding may,
might lebih tentatif (tidak pasti) kejadiannya. Contoh:
1)
He may work
out and eat healthy food every day. |
2)
You may/might forget the embarassing incident
tomorrow. |
3)
The
doctor may have warned
you not to eat red meat. 4)
The
doctor might have warned
you not to eat red meat. |
5)
May I go
home now? (Bolehkah saya pulang sekarang?) permission |
6)
If I have cleaned the room, might I play with my friend? |
7)
You might be tired. (Kamu pasti lelah). Might seering kali diartikan
“pasti”. |
c. Will
dan Would
Will atau would merupakan modal
auxiliary verb yang berfungsi untuk menyatakan willingness (kemauan). Will ini juga diungkapkan dalam bentuk
conditional sentence type 1 maupun invitation (undangan/ajakan). Selain itu, Would
dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan willingness (kemauan), namun lebih polite
(sopan); juga digunakan dalam bentuk conditional sentence type 2 & 3.
Selain untuk mengungkapkan willingness, will dan would dapat pula digunakan
untuk membicarakan kemungkinan atau membuat prediksi.
Will dapat dipadukan dengan auxiliary
verb “have” pada future perfect tense. Sementara itu, Would dapat dipadukan
dengan auxiliary “have” dan past participle (verb-3) untuk membentuk
conditional sentence type 3 (Disini would untuk menyatakan tindakan yang ingin
dilakukan di masa lalu). Contoh:
1)
I will help
you if you help yourself first. |
2)
Will you
marry me? |
3)
I’ll give you a
glass of water. |
4)
Would you
like to see my craft? |
5)
The sandstorm will come tonight. |
6)
My father had a strong feeling
that the weather would be warm. |
7)
If you had remembered to invite
me, I would have attended your party. |
d. Shall/
Should
Shall [British English] merupakan modal
auxiliary verb yang digunakan untuk menyatakan simple future, seperti halnya will namun hanya digunakan pada first person (orang pertama), yaitu I
dan we. Kemudian, Shall [US English] jarang digunakan selain untuk polite
question untuk first person. Modal auxiliary verb ini juga dapat digunakan
untuk menyatakan obligation (kewajiban) pada formal situation. Pada situasi
ini, baik second maupun third person dapat digunakan dengan modal verb ini.
Contoh:
1)
We shall overcome
it someday. |
2)
Shall we pay
a call him? |
3)
Shall I give
you some advice? |
4)
The Human Resource manager shall report the employee performance. |
Selain itu, Should juga dapat digunakan untuk
memberikan suggestion (saran) atau advice (nasehat) kepada seseorang. Contoh:
1)
You should see the doctor. |
2)
We should meet
more often. |
e. Must
Must merupakan modal auxiliary verb
yang berfungsi untuk menyatakan kepastian (certainty), obligation (kewajiban)
atau necessity (kebutuhan). Must juga dapat dipadukan dengan not untuk menyatakan
prohibition (larangan). Contoh:
1)
You mustn’t give up. (Kamu jangan menyerah). |
2)
We must go
to bed now. (Kita harus tidur sekarang). |
3)
You must be happy to hear that. (Kamu pasti senang mendengar hal
itu). |
f. Ought
to
Ought to merupakan modal auxiliary verb
yang digunakan untuk menyatakan apa yang benar atau tepat (keharusan untuk
dilakukan). Contoh:
1)
I ought
to wear high quality running shoes. |
2)
We ought
to select the best candidate for the job. |
C. Phrasal
Modal Verb
Modal auxiliary verb dapat
dikategorikan menjadi 2, yaitu 1) one atau single modal, dan 2) phrasal modal.
One atau singgle modal merupakan modal auxiliary verb yang terdiri dari satu
kata sedangkan phrasal modal verb adalah modal yang biasanya terdiri dari
beberapa kata; yang dimulai dengan to be atau have dengan atau tanpa
diakhiri dengan to. Fungsi
dan Contoh Kalimat Phrasal Modal Verb antara lain sebagai berikut.
Phrasal Modal Verb |
a. be supposed to, be to (expectation: harapan) § We are not supposed to
bring any gifts to his wedding. (Kita tidak diharapkan membawa hadiah apapun
ke pernikahannya). § The participant was to
fill out all fields of the form, but he left some fields blank. (Partisipan
tersebut diharapkan mengisi semua kolom formulir, namun dia membiarkan
beberapa kolom kosong). *be to dapat juga diartikan sebagai “will” yaitu akan. Contoh: § I am to watch the movie
tonight. (Saya akan menonto bioskop malam ini). |
b. be able to/ = can (ability: kemampuan) § The woman is able to create
an unique masterpiece.(Wanita itu mampu membuat sebuah kary yang unik). § The boy was able to climb
a tree two years ago. (Anak laki-laki itu bisa memanjat pohon 2 tahun yang
lalu). |
c. be going to (plan: rencana di masa depan) § I am going to call on my
grandfather next week. (Saya akan
mengunjungi kakek minggu depan). § Shania was going to join
the beauty contest last month. (Shania akan mengikuti kontes kecantikan bulan
lalu). |
d. have to (=must), have got to 1)
Phrasal modal ini untuk menyatakan keharusan (necessity, obligation). Have
got to lebih kuat dari have to ~ strong obligation). § I have to meet my thesis
supervisor today. (Saya harus bertemu pembimbing skripsi hari ini). § We had to tell the truth
yesterday so that everything would be clear. (Kita harus bercerita yang
sebenarnya kemarin agar semuanya beres) 2)
Phrasal verb ini untuk menyatakan keyakinan yang kuat (strong certain)
bahwa tidak ada kemungkinan logis yang lain. § The little boy has to be
at home alone. (Anak kecil itu pasti di rumah sendirian). |
e. ought to 1)
Phrasal verb ini untuk menyatakan kepastian (certainty). § He ought to have done all
the work correctly. (Dia pasti telah menyelesaikan semua pekerjaan dengan
benar). 2)
Recommendation/advice (saran, nasehat) § You ought to support your
friend. (Kamu harus mendukung temanmu). |
f. used to (habitual past
action: kebiasaan di masa lalu); § My mother used
to feed her chickens every morning and afternoon. (Ibu
saya biasa memberi makan ayam-ayamnya setiap pagi dan sore hari); kebiasaan
di masa lalu. § Riyan is used to writing
in his blog. (Riyan biasa menulis di blognya); kebiasaan di masa sekarang
atau baru-baru ini. Selain itu, would juga dapat
digunakan untuk menunjukkan aktivitas yang dilakukan berulang-ulang di masa
lalu. § My father would read me a
story at night before bedtime. (Ayahku biasa membacakanku sebuah cerita di
malam hari sebelum waktu tidur). |
g. had better (recommendation/advice:
saran, nasehat) § You had
better learn to accept help. (Kamu lebih baik belajar
menerima bantuan). |
h. would rather, would prefer (preference:
pilihan, yang lebih disukai) § I would
rather eat potatoes than rice for breakfast. (Saya lebih suka
makan kentang daripada nasi untuk sarapan). § The movie was okay, but I would
rather have gone to the concert last night. [perfect] § I'd rather be lying on a beach in India than (be) sitting in class
right now. [progressive] *Modal auxiliary verb “would rather”
seringkali disingkat dengan Subjek yang menyertainya, seperti “I’d rather,
He’d rather, She’d rather, dan lain-lain” *Kita juga dapat menjumpai
phrasal modal “would rather” dalam bentuk perfect, yaitu Modal + Have +
Verb-3; ataupun bentuk progressive/ continuous, yaitu Modal + Be +
Verb-ing. |
i. would like to 1)
(desire: keinginan) § Dasha would like to make
a birthday cake for her sister. (Dasha ingin membuat kue ulang tahun untuk
saudarinya). 2)
offer/invitation
(tawaran/undangan) § Would you like to drink a cup of tea or coffe? (Kamu mau minum
secangkir teh atau kopi?) *Modal auxiliary verb “would
like to” seringkali disingkat dengan Subjek yang menyertainya, seperti “I’d
like to, He’d like to, She’d like to, dan lain-lain” |
D. Ketentuan-Ketentuan
Lain Modal Auxiliary Verb
Modal
Auxiliary Verb
selain memiliki dalam struktur dasar, yaitu “Modal + Verb-1”, juga dapat
memiliki struktur lainnya yaitu sebagai berikut.
1. “Be”
yang digunakan pada primary auxiliary verb ataupun modal auxiliary verb harus
menyesuaikan dengan jenis tenses yang digunakan. Contoh:
§ John is the manager of this office. [present: masa kini]
§ John was the manager of this office 5 years ago. [past: masa lalu]
§ Marta is able to perform a dance. [present: masa kini]
§ Marta was able to perform a dance several years ago. [present: masa lalu]
2. Auxiliary verb, baik primary auxiliary verb
ataupun modal auxiliary verb, dapat digukan pada kalimat progressive
(continuous) (Modal + be + Verb-ing), perfect (Modal + have + Verb-3), perfect
progressive (Modal + have + been + Verb-ing) ataupun passive (Modal + be +
Verb-3).
§ The teacher is explaining how to operate computer. [progressive]
§ Mark will be presenting his project in front of the boad. [progressive]
§ He must
have been studying at the the past library [perfect progressive]
§ She must be sleeping.
§ The students will have graduated in 2021. [perfect]
§ The patients might be checked by the doctor for surgery. [passive]
3. One/ singgle modal dapat dikombinasikan
dengan phrasal modal, yaitu pada struktur 1) “Singgle Modal + Phrasal Modal”
ataupun 2) “Phrasal Modal + Phrasal Modal”.
§ Janet will be able to help you tomorrow. [1]
§ Bryan may have to report the accident to the police. [1]
§ Tomas isn’t going to be able to solve his problems alone. [2]
§ You have to be able to encourage yourslef. [2]
E. Ringkasan
Modal Auxiliary Verb dan Fungsinya
Berdasarkan penjelasan di atas berikut
ringkasan modal auxiliary verb dan fungsinya dalam kalimat.
Modal |
Fungsi |
Present/Future |
Past |
May (mungkin;
boleh) |
polite request (only with i & we) permintaan sopan (hanya dengan i
& we) |
May I borrow your pen? |
|
formal permission izin formal |
You may leave the room. |
|
|
less than 50% certainty kepastian kurang dari 50 % |
--Where's John? He may be at
the library. |
He may have been at the library. |
|
Might
(mungkin; boleh) |
less than 50% certainty kepastian kurang dari 50 % |
Where's John? He might be at
the library. |
He might have been at
the library. |
polite request (rare) permintaan sopan (jarang) |
Might
I borrow your pen? |
|
|
Should
(sebaiknya; seharusnya) |
advisability saran |
I should study
tonight. |
I should have
studied last night, but I didn't. |
90% certainty (expectation) kepastian 90 % (harapan) |
She should do
well on the test. (hanya future, tidak present) |
She should have
done well on the test. |
|
Ought to (harus) |
advisability saran |
I ought to study
tonight. |
I ought have
studied last night, but I didn't. |
90% certainty (expectation) kepastian 90 % (harapan) |
She ought to do
well on the test. (hanya future only, tidak present) |
She ought to have
done well on the test. |
|
had better (harus) |
advisability with threat of bad result saran disertai ancaman akibat yang
buruk |
You had better be
on time, or we will leave without you. |
(past form uncommon) |
Be supposed to
(sebaiknya; seharusnya) |
expectation harapan |
Class is supposed
to begin at 10:00 |
|
unfulfilled expectation harapan yang tidak terpenuhi |
|
Class was supposed
to begin at 10:00, but it didn’t begin until 10:15 |
|
Must
(harus) |
strong necessity kebutuhan yang kuat |
I must go to
class today. |
( I had to go
to class yesterday.) |
prohibition (negative) larangan (negatif) |
You must not open
that door. |
|
|
95% certainty kepastian 95% |
Mary isn't in class. She must be sick. (hanya present) |
|
|
have to
(harus; perlu) |
necessity kebutuhan |
I have to go to class today. |
I had to go to class today. |
lack of necessity (negative) kurang kebutuhan (negatif) |
I don't have to go
to class today. |
I didn't have to go
to class yesterday. |
|
have got to
(perlu) |
necessity kebutuhan |
I have got to go
to class today. |
( I had to go
to class yesterday.) |
Will
(akan; ingin) |
100% certainty kepastian 100% |
He will be here
at 6:00. (hanya future) |
|
willingness kemauan/sukarela |
The phone's ringing. I'll get it. |
|
|
polite request permintaan sopan |
Will
you please pass the salt? |
|
|
be going to
(akan) |
100% certainty (prediction) kepastian 100% (prediksi) |
He is going to be
here at 6:00 (future only). |
|
definite plan (intention) rencana pasti (maksud) |
I'm going to paint my bedroom. (hanya future) |
|
|
unfulfilled intention maksud yang tidak terpenuhi |
|
I was going to
paint my room, but I didn't have time. |
|
Can (dapat/bisa;
boleh; mungkin) |
ability/possibility kemampuan/ kemungkinan |
I can run fast. |
I could run
fast when I was a child, but now I can't. |
informal permission izin informal |
You can use my
car tomorrow. |
|
|
informal polite request permintaan sopan informal |
Can I borrow your pen? |
|
|
impossibility (negative only) ketidak mungkinan (hanya negatif) |
That can't be
true! |
That can't have
been true! |
|
Could
(dapat/bisa; boleh; mungkin) |
past ability kemampuan di masa lalu |
|
I could run
fast when I was a child. |
polite request permintaan sopan |
Could
I borrow your pen? Could you help me? |
|
|
suggestion (affirmative only) saran (hanya positif) |
--I need help in math. You could talk
to your teacher. |
You could have
talked to your teacher. |
|
less than 50% certainty kepastian kurang dari 50% |
--Where's John? He could be at
home. |
He could have been
at home. |
|
impossibility (negative only) |
That couldn't be true! |
That couldn't have been true! |
|
be able to
(dapat/bisa) |
ability kemampuan |
I am able to help you. I will be able to help him. |
I was able to help
you. |
Would
(akan; mau) |
polite request permintaan sopan |
Would
you please pass the salt? Would
you mind if I left early? |
|
preference kesukaan |
I would rather
go to the park than stay home. |
I would rather have gone to the
park. |
|
repeated action in the past aksi yang berulang-ulang di masa lalu |
|
When I was a child, I would visit
my grandparents every weekend. |
|
polite for "want" (with like) sopan untuk “want; ingin” |
I would like an
apple, please. |
|
|
unfulfilled wish harapan yang tidak terpenuhi |
|
I would have liked
a cookie, but there were none in the house. |
|
Used to
(terbiasa) |
repeated action in the past aksi yang berulang-ulang di masa lalu |
|
I used to visit
my grandparents every weekend. |
past situation that no longer exists situasi masa lalu yang tidak lama
terjadi |
|
I used to live
in Spain. Now I live in Korea. |
|
Shall
(akan; boleh) |
polite question to make a suggestion pertanyaan sopan untuk membuat saran |
Shall
I open the window? |
|
future with "i" or "we" as subject future dengan subjek “i” atau “we” |
I shall arrive
at nine. (will = lebih umum digunakan) |
|
See
also:
1. Kinds of Sentence: Positive, Negative,
& Interrogative
2. Kinds of Tense
3. Passive Voice
4. Contraction
5. Question Tag
References:
Azar, Betty Schrampfer. 1999.
Understanding and Using English Grammar 3rd Edition. Pearson Education: White
Plains, New York.
Demikian tadi sekilas Penjelasan
terkait “Auxiliary Verb: Primary &
Modal Auxiliary Verb”. Semoga bermanfaat dan dapat menambah wawasan baru
bagi kita dalam mempelajari bahasa Inggris. Terima kasih...
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