Pembahasan TOEFL Test Part 4 The Structure Questions "Sentences With Reduced Clauses"

 

Posted by M. Riskiyanto

 

TOEFL PART 4

THE STRUCTURE QUESTIONS

“SENTENCES WITH REDUCED CLAUSES”

 

Klausa dalam bahasa Inggris kadangkala muncul dalam bentuk yang utuh (compelete form) ataupun dalam bentuk yang dipersingkat atau direduksi (reduced form). Terdapat 2 macam klausa yang dapat dipersingkat atau dijadikan reduced clause, yatu 1) adjective clause dan 2) adverb clause.

Example: a.   My friend should be on the train [which is arriving at the station now]. (complete form; adjective clause) My friend should be on the train [which is arriving at the station now]. (reduced form; adjective clause) b.   [Although it was not really difficult[, the exam took a lot of time. (complete form; adverb clause) [Although it was not really difficult], the exam took a lot of time. (reduced form; adverb clause)

 

Sub-skill:

Skill 13 Use Reduced Adjective Clauses Correctly (Gunakan Klausa Adjektiva Yang Direduksi Dengan Benar)

Adjective clause atau klausa adjectiva dapat berbentuk reduced form (bentuk yang dipersingkat). Dalam bentuk ini, connector (kata hubung), seperti who, which, & that dari adjective clause dan verb “be”, seperti is, am, are, was, atau were yang mengikutinya, dihilangkan.

1.   The woman who is waving to us is the tour guide.

2.   The letter which was written last week arrived today.

3.   The pitcher that is on the table is full of iced tea.

4.   *He gave a necklace to the woman who helps him a lot. (helps diubah menjadi helping)

5.   *She never complained about the problems which came to her. (came diubah menjadi coming)   Catatan: §  “Adjective clause connector + be” seringkali dijumpai dalam pola kalimat 1 (continuous tense), kalimat 2 (passive sentence), atau kalimat 3 (nominal sentence atau kalimat nominal), maka untuk mengubah adjective clause tersebut menjadi reduced clause hanya perlu menghilangkan connector pada adjective clause dan “be”. *Kalimat nominal merupakan kalimat yang dapat diikuti oleh salah satu dari 3 complement, yaitu adjective (kata sifat), noun (kata benda), atau adverb (kata keterangan). Kalimat ini memiliki struktur “Subject + be + adjective/ noun/ adverb”. Verb “be” menyesuaikan dengan jenis tenses yang digunakan pada kalimat tersebut. §  Selain itu, kita juga dapat menjumpai pola “adjective clause connector + main verb” pada pola kalimat 4 dan kalimat 5, maka untuk mengubah adjective clause tersebut menjadi reduced clause dengan 1) menghilangkan connector pada adjective clause, dan 2) mengubah main verb menjadi bentuk “verb-ing”. Main clause biasanya berupa verb-1, verb-2, ataupun verb-s/es.

Setiap kalimat di atas dapat menjadi bentuk utuh (complete form) atau bentuk yang dipersingkat (reduced form). Dalam reduced form, connector, seperti who, which, & that dihilangkan selama terdapat verb “be” seperti is dan was. Jika tidak ada verb “be” pada adjective clause, kemungkinan ia masih dapat direduksi. Ketika tidak ada verb “be” pada adjective clause, connector dihilangkan, dan verb (kata kerja), seperti verb 1, verb 2, dan verb-s/es diubah menjadi bentuk “verb-ing”.

I don’t understand the article which appears in today’s paper. menjadi I don’t understand the article appearing in today’s paper.   *Pada kalimat di atas, tidak ada verb “be” pada adjective clause, yaitu which appears in today’s paper. Jadi, connector “which” dihilangkan, dan verb “appears” diubah menjadi bentuk verb-ing, yaitu “appearing”.

        Perlu diperhatikan bahwa tidak semua adjective clause dapat muncul dalam reduced form. Adjective clause muncul dalam bentuk reduced form hanya jika connector (kata hubung) dari adjective clause tersebut secara langsung diikuti olev verb (kata kerja). Dengan kata lain, adjective clause yang dapat diubah menjadi bentuk reduced form adalah adjective clause yang memiliki connector yang berfungsi sebagai kata hubung sekaligus sebagai subjek.

The woman that I just met is the tour guide. (tidak dapat direduksi)

The letter which you sent me arrived yesterday. (tidak dapat direduksi)

Pada contoh kalimat di atas, adjective clause: 1) that I just met, dan 2) which you sent me, tidak dapat direduksi karena connector “which” dan “that” tidak diikuti langsung oleh verb. “that” pada kalimat di atas diikuti langsung oleh subjek “I”; sedangkan “which” diikuti oleh subjek “you”.

Selain itu, yang perlu kita perhatikan lagi adalah beberapa adjective clause yang dibatasi dengan tanda koma (,)—biasanya muncul di tengah kalimat, dan adjective seperti ini dapat juga direduksi. Kemudian, adjective clause yang dibatasi dengan tanda koma tersebut dapat muncul di depan kalimat.

a.   The White House, which is located in Washington, is the home of the president. (complete form; adjective clause) §  The White House, which is located in Washington, is the home of the president. (reduced form; adjective clause) §  Located in Washington, the White House is the home of the president. (reduced form; adjective clause)

b.   The president, who is now preparing to give a speech, is meeting with his advisors. (complete form; adjective clause) §  The president, who is now preparing to give a speech, is meeting with his advisors. (reduced form; adjective clause) §  Now preparing to give a speech, The president is meeting with his advisors. (reduced form; adjective clause)

Pada 2 contoh kalimat di atas, adjective clause terpisah dari kalimat atau dibatasi dengan tanda koma (,). Jadi, masing-masing contoh kalimat di atas dapat disusun menjadi 3 cara, yaitu 1) dengan bentuk utuh (complete form), 2) dengan bentuk klausa yang direduksi (reduced form) mengikuti noun (kata benda) yang dideskripsikan, atau 3) bentuk klausa yang direduksi yang terletak di awal kalimat.

Example: ----- on several different television programs, the witness gave conflicting accounts of what had happened. (A) He appeared (B) Who appeared (C) Appearing (D) Appear Jawaban: C Pada contoh di atas, jawaban (A) tidak tepat karena akan ada 2 klausa, yaitu 1) He appeared ... & 2) the witness gave ..., dan tidak ada connector yang menggabungkan 2 klausa tersebut. Jawaban (B) tidak tepat karena adjective clause, seperti who appeared tidak dapat muncul di awal kalimat. Jawaban (D) tidak tepat karena bukan bentuk verb yang direduksi; verb “appears” merupakan bentuk verb dalam present tense, dan memerlukan subjek dan connector agar benar. Jawaban yang paling tepat adalah jawaban (C) karena merupakan bentuk verb yang direduksi dari adjective clause “who appeared” menjadi bentuk verb-ing, yaitu appearing. Bentuk yang direduksi dapat muncul di awal kalimat.

 

Perlu diingat!!!

REDUCED ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
a.   Adjective clause dengan verb “be”, seperti is, am, are, was, dan were.	“(adjective clause connector/ subject) + be” dihilangkan.
b.   Adjective clause tanpa verb “be”, namun dengan main verb, seperti verb 1, verb 2, atau verb-s/es.	“(adjective clause connector/ subject)” dihilangkan. *dengan main verb diubah menjadi bentuk “verb-ing”.
Catatan: §  Untuk mereduksi adjective clause, hilangkan connector dari adjective clause, seperti who, which, atau that dan juga verb “be”, seperti is, am, are, was atau were; §  Jika tidak ada verb “be”, hilangkan connector dari adjective clause dan ubah main verb (kata kerja utama) menjadi “verb-ing”; §  Hanya reduksi adjective clause jika connector/subject dari adjective clause tersebut langsung diikuti dengn verb “be” atau main verb, seperti verb 1, verb 2, atau verb-s/es; §  Jika adjective clause diapit atau dibatasi dengan tanda koma (,), maka bentuk reduced clause dapat dipindahkan ke awal atau depan kalimat.

 

EXERCISE 13: Each of the following sentences contains an adjective clause, in complete form or in reduced form. Underline the adjective clauses. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) of incorrect (I).

1.   We will have to return the merchandise purchased yesterday at the Broadway. (.....)

2.   The children san in the restaurant found it difficult to behave. (.....)

3.   Serving a term of four years, the mayor of the town will face reelection next year. (.....)

4.   The brand new Cadillac, purchasing less than two weeks ago, was destroyed in the accident. (.....)

5.   The fans who supporting their team always come out to the games in large numbers. (.....)

6.   The suspect that can be seen in the photographs were just released by the police. (.....)

7.   The food placing on the picnic table attracted a large number of flies. (.....)

8.   Impressed with everything she had heard about the course, Marie signed her children up for it. (.....)

9.   The passengers in the airport waiting room, heard the announcement of the canceled flight, groaned audibly. (.....)

10.        Dissatisfied with the service at the restaurant, the meal really was not enjoyable. (.....)

 

Key Answer:

1.   We will have to return the merchandise purchased yesterday at the Broadway. ( C )

2.   The children sat in the restaurant found it difficult to behave. ( I ) “verb sat harus diubah menjadi verb-ing, yaitu sitting”

3.   Serving a term of four years, the mayor of the town will face reelection next year. ( C )

4.   The brand new Cadillac, purchasing less than two weeks ago, was destroyed in the accident. ( I ) “verb purchasing diubah menjadi purchased (passive sentence) agar sesuai dengan konteks kalimat”

5.   The fans who supporting their team always come out to the games in large numbers. ( I ) “hilangkan connector who pada adjective clause di atas”

6.   The suspect that can be seen in the photographs were just released by the police. ( I )

7.   The food placing on the picnic table attracted a large number of flies. ( I ) “verb placing diubah menjadi placed (passive sentence) agar sesuai dengan konteks kalimat”

8.   Impressed with everything that she had heard about the course, Marie signed her children up for it. ( C ) “that kadangkala dapat tidak disertakan pada adjective clause jika pola adjective clause-nya: “adjective clause connector + Subject + Verb”

9.   The passengers in the airport waiting room, heard the announcement of the canceled flight, groaned audibly. ( I ) “verb heard harus diubah menjadi verb-ing, yaitu hearing”

10.        *She was dissatisfied with the service at the restaurant because the meal really was not enjoyable. ( I ) “Pola kalimat rancu maka dapat diubah menjadi bentuk adverb clause agar lebih logis”

 

 

Skill 14 Use Reduced Adverb Clauses Correctly (Gunakan Klausa Adverbia Yang Direduksi Dengan Benar)

Adverb clause dapat muncul dalam bentuk yang direduksi atau dipersingkat (reduced form). Dalam reduced form, adverb connector masih ada, tetapi subjek dan verb “be”-nya dihilangkan.

1.   Although he is rather unwell, the speaker will take part in the seminar. (complete form) Although he is rather unwell, the speaker will take part in the seminar. (reduced form)

2.   When you are ready, you can begin your speech. (complete form) When you are ready, you can begin your speech. (reduced form)   *Pada 2 contoh kalimat di atas dapat digunakan bentuk utuh (complete form) ataupun bentuk yang direduksi (reduced form). Dalam bentuk reduced form, adverb connector “although” & “when” masih; subjek “he” & “you” dan verb be “is” &  “are” dihilangkan. **Adverb clause dapat direduksi, ketika masing-masing clause pada kalimat memiliki subjek yang sama (yaitu 2 subjek pada adverb clause dan clause lainnya, merupakan subjek yang sama).

Jika tidak terdapat verb “be” pada adverb clause (tetapi terdapat main verb), maka mungkin dapat diubah dalam bentuk yang direduksi (reduced form). Ketika tidak ada verb “be” pada adverb clause, subjek dihilangkan, dan main verb diubah menjadi bentuk “verb-ing”.

1.   Although he feels rather sick, the speaker will take part in the seminar. (complete form) Although feeling rather sick, the speaker will take part in the seminar. (reduced form)

2.   When you give your speech, you should speak loudly and distinctly. (complete form) When giving your speech, you should speak loudly and distinctly. (reduced form)   *Pada 2 contoh kalimat di atas, adverb clause pada kalimat-1, yaitu Although he feels rather sick, dan kalimat ke-2, yaitu When you give your speech masing-masing tidak memiliki verb “be”; namun memiliki main verb, yaitu “feels” dan “give”. Oleh karena itu, untuk membentuk reduced clause, pada kalimat ke-1 adverb connector “although” dan subjek “he” dihilangkan, serta  mengubah main verb “feels” menjadi bentuk verb-ing, yaitu “feeling”. Sedangkan, pada kalimat ke-2 adverb connector “when” dan subjek “you” dihilangkan, serta main verb “give” diubah menjadi bentuk verb-ing, yaitu “giving”.

 

Example: When ....., you are free to leave. (A) the finished report (B) finished with the report (C) the report (D) is the report finished Jawaban: B Pada contoh di atas, Anda perlu perhatikan bahwa terdapat adverb connector “when” pada kalimat di atas, dan kemungkinan dapat diikuti oleh complete clause (klausa utuh) ataupun reduced clause (klausa yang direduksi). Jawaban (A) the finished report dan (C) the report merupakan subjek dan tidak disertai dengan verb, maka jawaban tersebut tidak tepat. Jawaban (D) memiliki subjek dan verb yang inverted (dibalik); sedangkan, kalimat tersebut bukanlah sebuah kalimat pertanyaan, maka jawaban (D) tidak tepat. Jawaban yang tepat adalah (B) karena jawaban ini merupakan bentuk reduced clause dari adverb clause “when you are finished with the report”.

Sementara itu, tidak semua adverb clausa dapat muncul dalam bentuk reduced clause, dan beberapa adverb clause hanya dapat direduksi jika verb (kata kerja) merupakan passive form (pola kalimat pasif).

1.   Once you submit your thesis, you will graduate. (active form: tidak dapat direduksi)	2.   Once it is submitted, your thesis will be reviewed. (passive form: dapat direduksi)
*Pada contoh ke-1, adverb clause Once you submit your thesis tidak direduksi karena klausa yang diawali dengan once  hanya dapat direduksi ketika verb pasif; verb “submit” berbentuk active. Sedangkan, pada contoh ke-2, adverb clause Once it is submitted dapat direduksi menjadi “Once submitted” karena diawali dengan once dan verb “submitted” berbentuk pasif.

 

Perlu diingat!!!

REDUCED ADVERB CLAUSES
a.   Adverb clause dengan verb “be”, seperti is, am, are, was, dan were.	“Adverb connector + Subject + be” dihilangkan.
b.   Adverb clause tanpa verb “be”, namun dengan main verb, seperti verb 1, verb 2, atau verb-s/es.	“Adverb connector + Subject” dihilangkan. *dengan main verb diubah menjadi bentuk “verb-ing”.
Adverb connector yang direduksi dalam active: §  Time: after, before, since, while §  Condition: if, unless, whether §  Contrast: although, though, even though §  Place: - §  Manner: -
Adverb connector yang direduksi dalam passive: §  Time: once, until, when, whenever §  Condition: if, unless, whether §  Contrast: although, though, even though §  Place: where, wherever §  Manner: as
Catatan: §  Untuk mereduksi adverb clause, hilangkan subjek dan verb “be” pada adverb; §  Jika tidak ada verb “be”, tetapi terdapat main verb, maka hilangkan subjek dan ubah main verb menjadi bentuk verb-ing; §  Adverb clause dapat direduksi ketika masing-masing klause (adverb clause & clause lainnya) pada kalimat memiliki subjek yang sama. Contoh: a.   After you come to my house, I will prepare some food and drink for you. b.   Before the lesson is finished, we can’t go to the canteen. c.   She had better take a rest unless their parents will be worried. d.   *After I go home, I am used to playing with my friends. (Dapat diubah menjadi reduced clause karena subjek pada 2 klause tersebut merujuk pada subjek yang sama). e.   *Although Erika rarely studies, she get A+ for Math. (Dapat diubah menjadi reduced clause karena subjek pada 2 klause tersebut merujuk pada subjek yang sama).

 

EXERCISE 14: Each of the following sentences contains an adverb clause. Italicize the connector. Underline the reduced clauses. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) of incorrect (I).

1.   If not completely satisfied, you can return the product to the manufacturer. (.....)

2.   Steve has had to learn how to cook and clean since left home. (.....)

3.   The ointment can be applied where needed. (.....)

4.   Tom began to look for a job after completing his mater’s degree in engineering. (.....)

5.   Although not selecting for the team, he attends all of the games as a fan. (.....)

6.   When purchased at this store, the buyer gets a guarantee on all items. (.....)

7.   The medicine is nor effective unless taken as directed. (.....)

8.   You should negotiate a lot before buy a new car. (.....)

9.   Once purchased, the swimsuits cannot be returned. (.....)

10.        Though located near the coast, the town does not get much of an ocean breeze. (.....)

 

Key Answer:

1.   If not completely satisfied, you can return the product to the manufacturer. ( C )

2.   Steve has had to learn how to cook and clean since left home. ( I ) “verb left diubah menjadi leaving”

3.   The ointment can be applied where needed. ( I ) “connector where diganti dengan If agar sesuai dengan konteks kalimat”

4.   Tom began to look for a job after completing his mater’s degree in engineering. ( C )

5.   Although not selecting for the team, he attends all of the games as a fan. ( I ) “verb selecting diubah menjadi selected: merupakan bentuk passive”

6.   When purchased at this store, the buyer gets a guarantee on all items. ( I ) “verb purchased diubah menjadi purchasing”

7.   The medicine is nor effective unless taken as directed. ( C )

8.   You should negotiate a lot before buy a new car. ( I ) “verb buy diubah menjadi buying”

9.   Once purchased, the swimsuits cannot be returned. ( C )

10.        Though located near the coast, the town does not get much of an ocean breeze. ( C )

 

EXERCISE (Skills 13 – 14): Each of the following sentences contains an a reduced clause. Underline the reduced clauses. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) of incorrect (I).

1.   Though was surprised at the results, she was pleased with what she had done. (.....)

2.   Wearing only a light sweater, she stepped out into the pouring rain. (.....)

3.   The family stopped to visit many relatives while driving across the country. (.....)

4.   The company president, needed a vacation, boarded a plane for the Bahamas. (.....)

5.   When applying for the job, you should bring your letters of reference. (.....)

6.   She locked up into the dready sky was filled with dark thunderclouds. (.....)

7.   Feeling weak after a long illness, Sally wanted to try to get back to work. (.....)

8.   Before decided to have surgery, you should get a second opinion. (.....)

9.   The construction material, a rather grainy type of wood, gave the room a rustic feeling. (.....)

10.        The application will at least be reviewed if submitted by the fifteenth of the month. (.....)

 

Key Answer:

1.   Though was surprised at the results, she was pleased with what she had done. ( I ) “reduced adverb clause: was dihilangkan”

2.   Wearing only a light sweater, she stepped out into the pouring rain. ( C ) “reduced adjective clause”

3.   The family stopped to visit many relatives while driving across the country. ( C ) “reduced adverb clause”

4.   The company president, needed a vacation, boarded a plane for the Bahamas. ( I ) “reduced adjective clause: needed diubah menjadi needing”

5.   When applying for the job, you should bring your letters of reference. ( C ) “reduced adverb clause”

6.   She locked up into the dready sky was filled with dark thunderclouds. ( I ) “reduced adjective clause”

7.   Feeling weak after a long illness, Sally wanted to try to get back to work. ( C ) “reduced adjective clause”

8.   Before decided to have surgery, you should get a second opinion. ( I ) “reduced adverb clause: decided diubah menjadi deciding”

9.   The construction material, a rather grainy type of wood, gave the room a rustic feeling. ( C ) “reduced adjective clause (appositive)”

10.        The application will at least be reviewed if submitted by the fifteenth of the month. ( C ) “reduced adverb clause”

 

TOEFL EXERCISE (Skills 13 – 14): Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence.

1.   When ____ nest during spring nesting season, Canadian geese are fiercely territorial.

(A) building

(B) are building

(C) built

(D) are built

 

2.   In 1870, Calvin, along with Adirondack hunter Alvah Dunning, made the first known ascent of Seward Mountain, ____ far from roads or trails.

(A) a remote peak

(B) it is a remote peak

(C) a remote peak is

(D) which a remote peak

 

3.   Kokanee salmon begin to deteriorate and die soon ____ at the age of four.

(A) they spawn

(B) after spawning

(C) spawn

(D) spawned the salmon

 

4.   ____ behind government secrecy for nearly half a century, the Hanford plant in central Washington produced plutonium for the nuclear weapons of the Cold War.

(A) it is hidden

(B) hidden

(C) which is hidden

(D) the plant is hiding

 

5.   Until ____ incorrect, astronomers had assumed that the inside of white dwarfs were uniform.

(A) they

(B) their proof

(C) the astronomers recently proven

(D) recently proven

 

6.   ____ artifacts from the early Chinese dynasties, numerous archeologists have axplored the southern Silk Road.

(A) They were searching for

(B) It was a search for

(C) Searched for

(D) Searching for

 

7.   In Hailey, the best known lecturer was women’s right activist Abigail Scott Duniway of Portland, Oregon, who could usually be persuade to speak ____ town visiting her son.

(A) she was in

(B) while in

(C) while she was

(D) was in

 

8.   The National Restaurant ____ Washington, says the federal efforts to regulate workplace smoking would limit  restaurant’s ability to respond to the desires of their patrons.

(A) Association in

(B) Association is in

(C) Association which is in

(D) Association, based in

 

9.   ____ in North American waterways a little over a decade ago, zebra mussels have already earned a nasty reputation for their expensive habit of clogging water pipes in the Great Lake area.

(A) The first sighting

(B) Although first sighted

(C) Zebra mussels were first sighting

(D) First sighting

 

10.        Small companies may take their goods abroad for trade shows without paying foreign valued-added taxes by acquiring ____ an ATA carnet.

(A) a document calls

(B) a document called

(C) calls a document

(D) called a document

 

Key answer:

1.    A 2.    A 3.    B 4.    B 5.    D

6.    D 7.    B 8.    D 9.    B 10.        B

 

Source: Longman Preparation Course for the TOEFL Test

See also:

1.   Kinds of Clause

2.   TOEFL Part 1 The Structure Questions

3.   TOEFL Part 2 The Structure Questions

4.   TOEFL Part 3 The Structure Questions

5.   TOEFL Part 4 The Structure Questions

6.   TOEFL Part 5 The Structure Questions

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Demikian tadi sekilas Penjelasan TOEFL Test Part 4 terkait Structure & Written Expression “Sentences With Reduced Clauses”. Semoga bermanfaat dan dapat menambah wawasan baru bagi kita dalam mempelajari bahasa Inggris; serta, terutama bagi kalian yang ingin atau akan mengikuti tes TOEFL. Terima kasih...