Usage_TOEFL "Style" Part 5 Writing Skill

TOEFL MASTER

WRITING SKILL

“STYLE: USAGE“

Gambar 1. Usage (Fungsi Kata) TOEFL Writing Skill

Hi, sobat!

Tahukah kamu apa itu usage? Ya, usage secara harfiah diartikan sebagai “penggunaan”. Dalam bahasa Inggris terdapat beberapa atura penggunaan beberapa kata dalam membentuk sebuah frasa atau kalimat. Hal ini dikarenakan kata-kata tersebut memiliki makna yang sama; namun, memiliki fungsi dan penggunaan yang berbeda dalam sebuah kalimat.

Pengguanaan sebuah kata dalam kalimat tidak hanya mempertimbangkan arti kata itu sendiri, tertapi juga perlu memperhatikan gramatika dan konteks kalimat sehingga nantinya kalimat tersebut tidak menjadi rancu dan ambigu. Oleh karena, itu penting bagi kita, tetutama pelajar EFL, mempelajari beberapa fungsi dan penggunaan kata-kata berikut dalam kalimat baik secara tertulis atau lisan.

Pada kesempatan kali ini, kita akan membahas “usage”. Yuk simak penjelasannya berikut ini!

USAGE

Beberapa kata dalam bahasa Inggris memiliki makna yang sama, tetapi tidak dapat digunakan atau ditukarkan satu sama lainnya; yaitu, pemilihan dan penggunaan kata tersebut harus mempertimbangkan situasi gramatika pada kalimat.

1. Between/Among

Between digunakan untuk dua orang atau benda. Contoh: I cannot decide between these two blouses.

Among digunakan untuk tiga atau lebih orang atau benda. Contoh: He was standing among several students.

2. Amount/Number

Amount digunakan dengan non-countable noun (kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung). Contoh: He has a large amount of money.

Number digunakan dengan countable noun (kata benda yang dapat dihitung). Contoh: She has a large number of children.

Baca Juga: Countable Vs Uncountable Noun

3. In/Into

In digunakan non-motion verb (kata kerja yang tidak mengindikasikan gerakan atau perpindahan). Contoh: He is waiting in the kitchen.

Into diguanakan verbs of motion (kata kerja yang mengindikasikan gerakan atau perpindahan). Contoh: He ran into the kitchen.

Baca Juga: Part of Speech: Preposition

4. Sit/Set

Sit tidak memiliki object. Sit menceritakan apa yang seseorang atau sesuatu lakukan bagi dirinya sendiri. Prinsip penggunaan “sit” yaitu sebagai berikut:

sit (simple form) : He sits by the window.
sat (past form) : Bob sat in his room and read.
sat (past participle): The guests have already sat down.
sitting (present participle): The vase is sitting on the table.

Set harus diikuti dengan sebuah objek. Set menceritakan apa yang sesorang lakukan untuk orang atau sesuatu lainnya. Prinsip penggunaan “set” yaitu sebagai berikut:

set (simple form): Do not set your glass on the piano.
set (past form): She set her purse on the floor last night.
set (past participle): Have you set the table yet?
setting (present participle): Setting the vase on the coffee table, Mary noticed that the vase had a crack in it.

Baca Juga: Part of Speech:Verb

5. Lie/Lay

Lie tidak dapat disertai dengan objek. Lie menceritakan apa yang seseorang atau sesuatu hal lakukan bagi dirinya atau oleh dirinya sendiri. Prinsip penggunaan “lie” adalah:

lie (simple form): John lies on his bed for a few minutes after lunch every day.
lay (past form): Mary lay on the sofa all yesterday afternoon.
lain (past participle): The watch had lain unnoticed for several days before I found it.
lying (present participle): A man was lying injured in the street after the accident.

Lay harus diikuti dengan objek. Lay menceritakan apa yang seseorang atau sesuatu hal lakukan untuk seseorang atau sesuatu hal lainnya. Prinsip penggunaan “lay” adalah:

lay (simple form): You should lay the tiles very evenly.
laid (past form): Mary laid her son on his bed early this afternoon.
laid (past participle) : That hen has laid six eggs this week.
laying (present participle): The workers are laying the carpet now.

6. Rise/Raise

Rise tidak dapat diikuti oleh sebuah objek. Rise menceritakan tentang apa yang seseorang atau sesuatu lainnya lakukan untuk diri mereka sendiri. Prinsip penggunaan “rise” adalah:

rise (simple form): The temperature rises sharply in the afternoon.
rose (past form): The sun rose at seven yesterday.
risen (past participle): Prices have risen a great deal lately.
rising (present participle): The baby’s temperature is rising by the hour.

Raise harus diikuti oleh sebuah subjek. Raise menceritakan tentang apa yang seseorang atau sesuatu lakukan untuk seseorang atau sesuatu lainnya. Prinsip penggunaan “raise” adalah:

raise (simple form): Please raise the window a little.
raised (past form): The Browns raised their children.
raised (past participle): The store has raised its prices.
raising (present participle): The new book is raising many interesting questions.

7. Learn/Teach

Learn merupakan verb yang diikuti secara langsung oleh infinitive (to veb-1) sebagai objek. Contoh: She learned to speak French.

Teach merupakan verb yang dapat diikuti oleh infinitive (to veb-1) sebagai objek. Namun, infinitive ini harus memiliki subjeknya sendiri. Contoh:

I taught John to speak French.
I taught him to speak French.

Baca Juga: Gerund & Infinitive

8. Can/May

Can merupakan sebuah modal yang berarti ability (kemampuan). Contoh:

Mary can speak French.
John can play the piano.

May merupakan sebuah modal yang berarti permission (permintaan izin). Contoh:

May I leave now?
John may have the last piece of cake.

Baca Juga: Primary Vs Modal Auxiliary Verb

9. Hanged/Hung

Hanged dan hung keduanya merupakan bentuk past participle forms dari verb “hang”. Namun, “hanged” merujuk pada eksekusi (pembunuhan) terhadap seseorang. Contoh: The murderer was hanged by the neck until dead.

Hung merujuk pada benda. Contoh: The picture was hung over the fireplace.

Error Examples

Berikut ini terdapat beberapa kesalahan dalam pada kalimat terkait “usage”; serta, pembenarannya!

WRONG	RIGHT
I believe we can handle this matter between the three of us.	I believe we can handle this matter among the three of us.
The students had a large amount of problems.	The students had a large number of problems.
The government has a large number of plutonium stored in a western state.	The government has a large amount of plutonium stored in a western state.
The frightened man rushed in the police station.	The frightened man rushed into the police station.
She sat her new chair between the sofa and the buffet.	She set her new chair between the sofa and the buffet.
Miss Jones learned us to swim in a few days.	Miss Jones taught us to swim in a few days.
Can I please have your attention?	May I please have your attention?
The clothes were neatly hanged on the clothesline.	The clothes were neatly hung on the clothesline.
The live wire laid in the street for hours after the storm.	The live wire lay in the street for hours after the storm.
Susan likes to lay down for a short nap every afternoon.	Susan likes to lie down for a short nap every afternoon.
We certainly hope that prices do not raise so quickly again.	We certainly hope that prices do not rise so quickly again.

Skill Builder 5: Usage

Directions: There is an error in usage at some of the sentences below. Decide whether the sentence is correct (C) or incorrect (I).

(___) 1. The picture was hung over the fireplace.

(___) 2. That grandfather clock has sat in that same spot for forty years.

(___) 3. The volcano had lain dormant for fifty years when it suddenly erupted.

(___) 4. There was a surprising number of news coming from that country.

(___) 5. The bread dough has raised enough and is now ready to be baked.

(___) 6. The children’s papers were hung about the classroom.

(___) 7. He distributed his wealth among his children, Betty, and John.

(___) 8. Ellen can run faster than Beth.

(___) 9. They have already risen their family and are now free to travel.

(___) 10. A large amount of people showed up for the grand opening.

(___) 11. The jeweler has carefully set the diamond into a new mounting.

(___) 12. The harried student dashed quickly in the classroom.

(___) 13. When Betty arrived home, she found her husband laying on the sofa asleep as usual.

(___) 14. Parents usually feel proud when their baby learns to take his first few steps.

(___) 15. Children often ask if they can have candy.

(___) 16. The car suddenly left the road, slammed into a low wall, and turned over several times.

(___) 17. Never leave your purse lying where someone might be able to steal it.

(___) 18. The army had hanged several deserters in the weeks before the war finally ended.

(___) 19. John’s father learned him to repair heavy equipment.

(___) 20. Mrs. Jones had carefully lain her children’s clothes out ready for the children to put on.

Key Answer

1. Correct

2. Correct

3. Correct

4. Incorrect

5. Incorrect

6. Correct

7. Incorrect

8. Correct

9. Incorrect

10. Incorrect

11. Correct

12. Incorrect

13. Incorrect

14. Correct

15. Incorrect

16. Correct

17. Correct

18. Correct

19. Incorrect

20. Incorrect

Its Correction

1. The picture was hung over the fireplace.

2. That grandfather clock has sat in that same spot for forty years.

3. The volcano had lain dormant for fifty years when it suddenly erupted.

4. There was a surprising amount of news coming from that country.

5. The bread dough has rised enough and is now ready to be baked.

6. The children’s papers were hung about the classroom.

7. He distributed his wealth between his children, Betty, and John.

8. Ellen can run faster than Beth.

9. They have already raised their family and are now free to travel.

10. A large number of people showed up for the grand opening.

11. The jeweler has carefully set the diamond into a new mounting.

12. The harried student dashed quickly into the classroom.

13. When Betty arrived home, she found her husband lying on the sofa asleep as usual.

14. Parents usually feel proud when their baby learns to take his first few steps.

15. Children often ask if they may have candy.

16. The car suddenly left the road, slammed into a low wall, and turned over several times.

17. Never leave your purse lying where someone might be able to steal it.

18. The army had hanged several deserters in the weeks before the war finally ended.

19. John’s father taught him to repair heavy equipment.

20. Mrs. Jones had carefully laid her children’s clothes out ready for the children to put on.

Next to >>> Style: Word Often Confused Group 1

Source

Peterson`s (www.petersons.com). (2007). Peterson`s Master TOEFL Writing Skills. Peterson`s, a Nelnet Company

Demikian tadi sekilas Pembahasan TOEFL Writing Skills terkait “Style: Usage”. Semoga bermanfaat dan dapat menambah wawasan baru bagi kita dalam mempelajari bahasa Inggris; serta, terutama bagi kalian yang ingin atau akan mengikuti tes TOEFL.

Penulis mengharapkan saran dan kritik yang membangun dari para pembaca berkaitan dengan konteks atau isi tulisan sehingga nantinya hal tersebut dapat penulis jadikan inspirasi dan motivasi untuk melakukan perbaikan dan pengembangan tulisan berikutnya. Terima kasih 😊