Past Participle_TOEFL "Verb" Part 8 Writing Skill

 

TOEFL MASTER

WRITING SKILL

“VERB: PAST PARTICIPLE“

 

 

Hi, sobat!

Tahukah kamu apa itu Verb? Ya, Verb, dalam bahasa Indonesia disebut sebagai verba, predikat, atau kata kerja, merupakan bagian dari part of speech yang berfungsi untuk menunjukkan adanya suatu tindakan atau aktivitas yang dilakukan oleh pembicara. Selain itu, verb juga mengidentifikasi peristiwa atau keadaan yang terjadi pada kurun waktu tertentu. Dalam bahasa Inggris, bentuk verb selalu mengikuti tenses (pola waktu), seperti base form (verb 1), present participle (verb-ing), simple past (verb 2), dan past participle (verb 3).

 

Lihat Juga : Part of Speech: Verb

 

Sebagai predikat sebuah kalimat, verb umumnya terletak setelah subjek kalimat. Dalam beberapa kalimat, seperti kalimat negative dan tanya, verb di dahului dengan modal atau auxiliary verb (kata kerja bantu), seperti is/am/are, was/were, has/have/had, do/does/did, dan sebagainya.  Sementara itu, verb juga dapat diikuti preposition (kata depan) sesudahnya, seperti to, is, at, with, dan lain-lain. Verb yang diikuti oleh preposisi ini, membentuk sebuah makna kata baru.

Pada kesempatan kali ini, kita akan membahas “Past Participle”.  Yuk, simak penjelasannya berikut ini!

 

Past Participle

Past participle merupakan salah satu bentuk verb (kata kerja) dalam bahasa Inggris. Past participle ini berupa Verb-3. Selain itu, past participle dapat dikategorikan menjadi dua macam yaitu 1) regular past participle, yaitu bentuk past participle (verb-3) yang berakhiran -d/ed atau sama dengan bentuk simple past (verb-2), dan 2) irregular past participle, yaitu bentuk past participle (verb-3) yang berbeda dengan simple past (verb-2).

Berikut ini beberapa fungsi past participle dalam bahasa Inggris di antaranya yaitu:

1.      Present Perfect, merupakan salah satu bentuuk tense (pola waktu) yang berfungsi untuk menyatakan kejadian atau peristiwa yang telah selesai di masa kini. Contohnya:

He has broken the world’s track record.

 

Baca Juga: Present Perfect Tense

 

2.      Past Perfect, merupakan salah satu bentuuk tense (pola waktu) yang berfungsi untuk menyatakan kejadian atau peristiwa yang telah selesai di masa lalu. Contohnya:

Mary had spoken to John about the matter before I arrived.

 

Baca Juga: Past Perfect Tense

 

3.      Unreal Past Conditional, merupakan kalimat pengandaian atau conditional (syarat) yang tidak nyata atau mustahil terjadi. Contohnya:

If he had been here on time, he would have heard the news.

 

Baca Juga: If Clause as Conditional Sentence

 

4.      Passive, merupakan kalimat pasif yaitu kalimat yang dimana objek dikenai suatu tindakan atau aksi dari subjek. Contohnya:

The president’s reelection was taken for granted by his constituents.

 

Baca Juga: Active Vs Passive Voice

 

5.      Perfect Infinitive, merupakan salah satu bentuk verb (kata kerja) yang tersusun dari “to have + past participle”. Contohnya:

I would like to have grown up on a farm.

 

Baca Juga: Gerund Vs Infinitive

 

6.      Perfect Participle, merupakan salah satu klausa yang tersusun oleh present atau past perfect yang berada di awal sebuah kalimat—biasanya klausa ini mengalami reduksi (penyingkatan). Contohnya:

Having swum ten laps in the Olympic pool, he was exhausted.

 

Baca Juga: Reduced Clause

 

7.      Adjective, disebut juga adjectiva atau kata sifat merupakan kata yang berfungsi untuk mensifati, atau mendeskripsikan suatu kata benda (noun) baik memberikan keterangan berupa kualitas, kuantitas, bentuk, warna, dan sebagianya. Contohnya:

The stolen watch was a very expensive piece of jewelry.

 

Baca Juga:

Part of Speech: Adjective

Part of Speech: Noun

 

8.      Past Modal, merupakan bentuk modal, termasuk kata kerja bantu (auxiliary verb), yang bermakna atau memberi keterarangan masa lampau, seperti could, might, should, would, dan sebagainya. Contohnya:

Molly said that I should not have gone to that movie.

 

Baca Juga: Auxiliary Verb: Primary & Modal

 

9.      Introductory Verbal Phrase, merupakan frasa pembuka sebuah kalimat—biasanya berupa klause yiatu adverb clause yang telah direduksi (disingkat) dan terletak di awal sebuah kalimat. Contohnya:

Seen from a distance, the house appeared to be in good condition.

 

Berikut ini beberapa verb (kata kerja) dalam bahasa Inggris yang mana bentuk past participle (verb-3)-nya (kecuali hurt & hear) berbeda dari bentuk simple past (verb-2)-nya; atau dikenal juga dengan irregular verb.

 

Verb	Past Participle	Verb	Past Participle
Be	Been	Know	Known
Begin	Begun	Ride	Ridden
Break	Broken	Ring	Rung
Choose	Chosen	Run	Run
Do	Done	See	Seen
Drink	Drunk	Show	Shown
Drive	Driven	Sing	Sung
Eat	Eaten	Speak	Spoken
Fly	Flown	Steal	Stolen
Forgive	Forgiven	Swim	Swum
Give	Given	Take	Taken
Go	Gone	Tear	Torn
Grow	Grown	Throw	Thrown
Hear	Heard	Wear	Worn
Hurt	Hurt	Write	Written

 

Error Examples

Perhatikan beberapa contoh kesalahan penggunaan past participle pada kalimat berikut ini dan pembenarannya!

 

Wrong Sentence	Right Sentence
He has sang in the choir for ten years.	He has sung in the choir for ten years.
I saw him after he had ran for five miles.	I saw him after he had run for five miles.
The president’s large black limousine was drived by a chauffeur.	The president’s large black limousine was driven by a chauffeur.
Children are to be saw and not heard.	Children are to be seen and not heard.
Having heared the joke before, I did not find it funny the second time.	Having heard the joke before, I did not find it funny the second time.
The class could have began on time if the teacher had not been late.	The class could have begun on time if the teacher had not been late.
The breaked lamp was lying in little pieces on the rug.	The broken lamp was lying in little pieces on the rug.

 

Skill Builder 8: Past Participle

Direction: There is some error with past participle on each of the sentences. Decide if the sentences below are correct “C” or incorrect “I”.

(___) 1.  By the time Joan arrived, all of the food had been ate.

(___) 2.  Having stolen the money, the thief ran down the street as fast as he could.

(___) 3.  John had gave his speech when Bob was finally able to get to the meeting.

(___) 4.  Wrote in 1847, the opera has never enjoyed popular success.

(___) 5.  The professor told the class that they should have known the correct answer.

(___) 6. Claire has not wore her new coat since she came to Florida.

(___) 7.  Betty began to cry when she realized that her new dress was torn.

(___) 8. Never having flied before, Mark was very excited as he drove to the airport.

(___) 9. I would like to have rang the bell earlier.

(___) 10.  If he had shown the official his passport, he would not have had any problems.

(___) 11. She has began to look like her mother.

(___) 12.  That old horse has been ridden by children for years.

(___) 13.  I would not have did it if he had not made me nervous.

(___) 14.  The broke chair had only three legs.

(___) 15.  He claims to have hurted his leg in the game last night.

 

Key Answer & Its Correction

(I) 1.  By the time Joan arrived, all of the food had been eaten.

(C) 2.  Having stolen the money, the thief ran down the street as fast as he could.

(I) 3.  John had given his speech when Bob was finally able to get to the meeting.

(I) 4.  Written in 1847, the opera has never enjoyed popular success.

(C) 5.  The professor told the class that they should have known the correct answer.

(I) 6. Claire has not worn her new coat since she came to Florida.

(C) 7.  Betty began to cry when she realized that her new dress was torn.

(I) 8. Never having flown before, Mark was very excited as he drove to the airport.

(I) 9. I would like to have rung the bell earlier.

(C) 10.  If he had shown the official his passport, he would not have had any problems.

(I) 11. She has begun to look like her mother.

(C) 12.  That old horse has been ridden by children for years.

(I) 13.  I would not have done it if he had not made me nervous.

(I) 14.  The broken chair had only three legs.

(I) 15.  He claims to have hurt his leg in the game last night.

 

Next to >>> Present & Perfect Participles and Infinitives

 

Source

Peterson`s (www.petersons.com). (2007). Peterson`s Master TOEFL Writing Skills. Peterson`s, a Nelnet Company

 

Demikian tadi sekilas Pembahasan TOEFL Writing Skills terkait “Problems With Past Participle”. Semoga bermanfaat dan dapat menambah wawasan baru bagi kita dalam mempelajari bahasa Inggris; serta, terutama bagi kalian yang ingin atau akan mengikuti tes TOEFL.

Penulis mengharapkan saran dan kritik yang membangun dari para pembaca berkaitan dengan konteks atau isi tulisan sehingga nantinya hal tersebut dapat penulis jadikan inspirasi dan motivasi untuk melakukan perbaikan dan pengembangan tulisan berikutnya. Terima kasih 😊